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COPYRIGHT DEPOSITS 



STUDIES m ENGLISH 



EOR 



EVENING SCHOOLS 



BY / 
WILLIAM EfCHANCELLOE 

SUPERINTENDENT OF SCHOOLS, BLOOMFIELD, N.J. 




NEW YORK .:• CINCINNATI •: • CHICAGO 

AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY 






LIBRARY nf CONGRESS 
Two Copies Received 

JUL 9 1904 
CoDyrlffht Entry 

CLA^ a- XXc. No. 

^n ^ f ^ 

COPY B 




Copyright, 1904, by 
WILLIAM E. CHANCELLOR. 



Entered at Stationers' Hall, London. 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH FOR EV. SCHOOLS. 
W. P. I 



PREFACE 

The purpose of this text-book is to present a series of 
practical lessons in English for the students in evening 
schools. Such students desire instruction in the prin- 
ciples of English speech and writing, that shall be entirely 
free from the immaturity of much of the subject matters 
and illustrations of the books for youthful day students. 
Those who attend evening schools are, almost without 
exception, workers in the world. Even the youngest of 
them take a serious and mature view of life, in the even- 
ing school as well as in their business relations. This 
text, which is the outcome of several years' experience in 
teaching in the evening schools of cities in the eastern and 
central parts of our country, is designed to fit the pecul- 
iar needs and interests of evening-school students. 

Because most teachers of evening schools have day 
employment also, these lessons have been prepared with 
unusual care as to their form and method. In their prep- 
aration I have had much valuable assistance from various 
educators, including city superintendents, supervisors, 
principals, and teachers, to whom I desire to express my 
obligations. I am especially indebted to Mr. Frederic N. 
•Brown, Supervisor of Schools, Verona, N. J., who has been 
for several years in charge of the Bloomfield Public Even- 
ing School. 

W. E. C. 



INDEX TO CONTENTS 



PAGE 

Abbreviations 36 

Accuracy of Expression ... 91 

Active Voice 55 

Adjective ... 26, 27, 61, 62, 69 

Adverb 30, 72 

Agreement 93 

Argumentation .... 83, 105 

Article 73 

Choice of Words . . .48, 49, 87 

Clause . . 39, 64 

Clearness 94, 95 

Combination of Sentences . . 46 

Common Errors 78 

Comparison of Adjectives . . 69 
Comparison of Adverbs . . .72 
Complex Sentence . . . , 44, 45 

Composition 19, 101 

Composition Outlines . . 108, 109 
Compound Sentence . . .42, 43 

Conjunction 76 

Contraction of Sentences . . 47 
Correct Use of Words 48, 49, 62, 
89, 90, 91, 92, 100 
Correlated Clauses ..... 96 
Description .... 34, 80, 102 
Exposition . . . . 34, 81, 104 
Forms of Sentences . . . . 5, 8 

Gender of Nouns 68 

Good Taste 92 

Grammatical Forms .... 100 

Interjection 73 

Intransitive Verbs 54 

Irregular Verbs 70, 71 

Letters 19, 32, 33, 65, 84, 106, 107 
Narration .... 31, 82, 103 



PAGE 

Nominative Case 77 

Noun . . . 20, 21, 22, 50, 51, 68 

Objective Case 77 

Opposites 13 

Paragraph 14, 15, 16 

Passive Voice 55 

Phrase 17, 18, 64 

Plural of Nouns . . . . 21, 22 
Position of Modifiers in a Sen- 
tence 86 

Possessive Case 50, 51 

Predicate 10, 11, 12 

Preposition 74, 75 

Pronoun .... 24, 25, 53, 77 

Public Speaking 112 

Punctuation and Capitals 6, 23, 37, 
38, 66, 67, 98, 99 

Quotations 79 

Regular Verbs 70, 71 

Revievr 52 

Sentence Order 88 

Shall and Will 60 

Simple Sentence . . . . 40, 41 

Smoothness 7 

Subject and Predicate . 10, 11, 12 

Transitive Verbs 54 

Unity of the Sentence ... 97 
Verb ... 28, 29, 54, 55, 70, 71 
Verbs often Misused . 56, 57, 68, 

59,60 

Versification 85 

Voice, Active and Passive . . 55 
Words of Like Sound . 9, 35, 52, 63 
Words often Mispronounced . 110 
Words often Misspelled , . . Ill 



EIN^GLISH 



FORMS OF SENTENCES 

A sentence is the expression of a complete thought. A 
mere combination of words does not make a sentence. 
" The bright moon in the sky " is not a sentence, because 
the words do not express a complete thought ; they do 
not make sense. These words merely mention the thing 
thought about. They make no statement or assertion 
about the thing ; they do not tell what is thought about the 
thing. But when we say, " The bright moon in the sky 
is beautiful," Ave do make a sentence. These words not 
only mention the thing thought about but also tell what 
is thought about it. There are four forms of sentences : — 

I. A sentence that states or declares something is a 
declarative sentence ; as, — 

The farmer is mowing. 

II. A sentence that expresses a command is an impera- 
tive sentence ; as, — 

Take off your hat on entering the house. 

III. A sentence that asks a question is an interrogative 

sentence ; as, — 

Who was Charles Sumner? 

IV. A sentence that expresses sudden or strong feeling 
is an exclamatory sentence ; as, — 

What a fine picture this is ! 



6 ENGLISH 

1. Write a declarative sentence about New York City. 

2. Write an interrogative sentence about England. 

3. Write an imperative sentence addressed to a newsboy. 

4. Write an exclamatory sentence about the weather. 

PUNCTUATION 

The first word of every sentence should begin with a 
capital letter. 

A declarative or an imperative sentence should be 
followed by a period (.). 

An interrogative sentence should be followed by an 
interrogation point (?). 

An exclamatory sentence should be followed by an 
exclamation point (I). 

Using the rules above, arrange the following groups of 
words into the different kinds of sentences : — 

1. is, of South America, warm, the climate. 

2. on a long journey, away, to-morrow, am going, with my friend, I. 

3. his visit, did Mr. Smith, about, say, what. 

4. the moon, what a, is, glorious sight. 

5. enemies, your, bless. 

Study the following sentences and be prepared to write 
them from dictation : — 

"Books are our most steadfast friends. They are our resource in 
loneliness. They go with us on our journeys. They await our return. 
They are our best company. They are a refuge in pain. They breathe 
peace upon our troubles. They await us as ministers of youth and 
cheer. They bring the whole world of things and men to our feet. 
They put us in the center of the world." — T. T. Hunger. 

Make sentences containing the following words : — 

sea fare 

boat where 

help pain 



there 


begin 


paper 


garden 


tools 


knife 


field 


catch 


obey 



ENGLISH 7 

SMOOTHNESS 

We should be careful not to use the same word too often 
in a sentence. This shows a lack of vocabulary in the 
speaker or writer, and is very tiresome to the hearer or 
reader. 

In the same way, we should take care not to repeat 
sounds. This is very unpleasant to the ear. " The old 
man is nearly entirely deaf," contains a repetition of 
sounds. The defect is readily perceived. 

Improve the following sentences, giving heed to what 
has previously been said : — 

1. How distinctly honorably he did his duty by the corporation. 

2. This man's name is the same as the names of three other men I 
might mention to you. 

3. The orders of the company are ordinarily put upon the bulletin 
board, so that every one may do his duty. 

4. He is the most competent of all the competitors ; and if he would 
only attend to his business, he would find many men ready to defend 
him in any business at all. 

5. This young man is the pride of his family ; no wonder his family 
are ready to do everything they can for him. 

6. This land will always command the services of the best men in 
it and always has. 

7. He did the work fully as finely and thereby fulfilled the finest 
expectations of his friends. 

8. Did you think that you thanked me for these things in this way ? 

9. He lived a holy though a lowly life all by himself. 

There are, however, cases when the repetition of a word 
gives force to one's language. In such cases, the repeated 
word is one of great importance. The repetition of it 
emphasizes this importance and draws the attention to the- 
idea that it represents as another word used in its place 
would not. Notice the repetition of "it can stand " and 
" everything," in the selection on j^age 15. 



ENGLISH 



FORMS OF SENTENCES 
I. Write declarative sentences about : — 



bread 
work 



paper 
canal 



fruit 
patient 



table 
rather 



Write interrogative sentences about : — 



shoes 
razor 



weather 
effort 



grocer 
factory- 



farmer 
button 



doctor 
patent 



overalls 
bread 



Write imperative sentences addressed to : — 



a grocer 
a butcher 



a regiment 
a waiter 



a bootblack 

a post-ofl&ce clerk 



Write exclamatory sentences about : — 
a snowstorm a hot day baseball 

II. With what kind of letter do all sentences begin ? 

What punctuation mark stands at the end of a declara- 
tive sentence ? of an interrogative sentence ? of an ex- 
clamatory sentence ? of an imperative sentence ? 

III. Learn to spell the following words, and then write 
each word in a good sentence : — 



between 


business 


separate 


receive 


canal 


believe 


vinegar 


honesty- 


banana 


absence 


single 


brilliant 



ly. Study for dictation : — 

" Little strokes fell great oaks. A little neglect may breed mis- 
chief ; for want of a nail the shoe was lost ; for want of a shoe the 
horse was lost ; and for want of a horse the rider was lost." 

" He that goes a borrowing ; goes a sorrowing." 

— Benjamin Fkanklin. 



ENGLISH 



WORDS OF LIKE SOUND 



air, atmosphere 
heir, one ivTio inherits 

buy, to purchase 
by, near 

fair, clear 

fare, price of passage 

meet, to come together 
meat, flesh 

our, belonging to us 
hour, sixty minutes 

pane, a plate of glass 
pain, suffering 

plane, a tool 
plain, simple 

right, proper 

write, to express by letters 



berth, a place to sleep in 
birth, coming into life 

dear, precious 
deer, an animal 

here, in this place 
hear, to listen 

new, recent 
knew, did know 

pair, two together 

pear, the name of a fruit 

pare, to trim 

piece, part of a thing 
peace, quiet 

to, as far as 

too, overmuch^ also 

two, twice one 



Write sentences of your own, containing the above 
words. 



Fill the blanks with the proper words : — 

1. He decided quickly. 

2. I want a paper to on. 

3. Please buy me a in the sleeping car. 

4. He cannot you, unless you speak distinctly. 

5. She has a feather in her hat. 

6. The conductor asked him for his . 

7. John has a in his side. 

8. He carried a in each hand. 



10 ENGLISH 

SUBJECT AND PREDICATE 

We have learned that when we use words to express a 
thought in completed form, we make a sentence. In ex- 
pressing our thought, we name the thing thought about, 
and then we tell what we think about this thing. 

In the sentence, '' The dog runs," " dog " names the 
thing thought about, and '' runs " tells what is thought 
about the dog. 

The thing thought about is called the subject of the 
sentence; what is thought of the thing is called the 
predicate. 

The boy skates. 

In this sentence, "the boy" is the subject,and "skates" 
is the predicate. 

In the following sentences, pick out the subject and the 
predicate : — 

1. The carpenter is hammering. 

2. The newsboy is shouting. 

3. The cow is chewing her cud. 

4. The horse is frightened. 

5. The ocean is deep. 

6. Morse invented the telegraph. 



For dictation : 



Whene'er a noble deed is wrought, 
Whene'er is spoken a noble thought, 
Our hearts in glad surprise 
To higher levels rise." — J. G. Whittier. 



Make sentences containing: — 

glad noble spoken surprise hearts 

whenever higher levels rise thought 



ENGLISH 11 

SUBJECT AND PREDICATE. —ANALYSIS 

The subject of a sentence names that of which some- 
thing is thought. 

The predicate of a sentence tells what is thought about 
the subject. 

The analysis of a sentence is the separation of it into 
its parts. 

Separate each of the following sentences into subject 
and predicate : — 

1. Charles Sumner was a great statesman. 

2. Whitney invented the cotton gin. 

3. The elephant has great strength. 

Construct sentences by supplying a subject for each of 
the following predicates : — 

1. sinks. 5. scratch. 9. frighten. 

2. jumps. 6. run. 10. strike. 

3. shouts. 7. fight. 11. kick. 

4. climb. 8. write. 12. speak. 

Construct sentences by supplying a predicate for each of 
the following subjects : — 

1. Gold . 5. Lightning — -, — . 9. Spring . 

2. Clocks . 6. Fountains . 10. Fish . 

3. Rain . 7. Snow . 11. Bees . 

4. Trees . 8. Time . 12. Ships . 

Learn to spell the following words, and then write them 
in sentences : — 



Sunday 


Wednesday 


Saturday 


afternoon 


Monday 


Thursday 


morning- 


midday 


Tuesday 


Friday 


evening 


midnight 



12 ENGLISH 

SUBJECT AND PREDICATE 

A predicate may consist of two, three, four, or more words 
used together to complete the expression of a thought. 

1. John could have been promoted. 

2. William might have gone to New York. 

3. New York is the largest city in America. 

In the first sentence, the subject is "John," and the 
predicate is " could have been promoted." 

In the second sentence, the subject is " William," and 
the predicate is "might have gone to New York." 

In the third sentence, the subject is " New York," and 
the predicate is, "is the largest city in America." 

Analyze the following sentences. Write each sentence 
with a straight line under each subject and a wavy line 
under each predicate ; as, — 

He has been gone for a long time. 

1. Charles has finished his lesson. 

2. Mr. Johnson has become rich. 

3. A storm has been raging. 

4. Many books have been wTitten. 

Pick out the subjects and the predicates in the fol- 
lowing lines : — 

" The cock is growing, 
The stream is flowing, 
The small birds twitter, 
The lake doth glitter, 
The green field sleeps in the sun : 
The oldest and youngest 
Are at work with the strongest ; 
The cattle are grazing, 
Their heads never raising. 
There are forty feeding like one." 

— William Wordsworth. 



ENGLISH 



13 



OPPOSITES 



Learn to spell the following words, and then write each 
in a suitable sentence : — 



soothe 
gather 
grieve 
attack 



decorate 
decrease 
pardon 
oppress 



I 



excite 
scatter 
rejoice 
defend 



II 



deface 
increase 
condemn 
protect 



VII 

hoard squander 

preserve destroy 

assist impede 

authorize prohibit 

VIII 

haughty humble 

identical different 
bungling export 
wise ignorant 





III 




IX 


citizen 


alien 


health 


disease 


moderation 


excess 


economy 


extravagance 


system 


confusion 


courtesy 


rudeness 


order 


chaos 


punctual 


tardy 




IV 




X 


wholesome 


unwholesome 


fearful 


fearless 


present 


absent 


firm 


wavering 


thoughtful 


thoughtless 


panic 


repose 


attentive 


inattentiva 


courage 


fear 




V 




XI 


evil 


good 


please 


displease 


like 


dislike 


destroy 


renew 


dishearten 


encourage 


earn 


spend 


lower 


raise 


friend 


enemy 




VI 




xn 


sour 


sweet 


hospitality 


hostility 


coward 


hero 


obedient 


disobedient 


hasten 


delay 


careful 


careless 


honest 


deceitful 


approach 


retreat 



14 ENGLISH 

THE PARAGRAPH 

A dog was crossing a stream with a piece of meat in his month. 
As he happened to look down into the water, he saw his own shadow. 
He thought that it was another dog with a piece of meat just like his 
own. He immediately snapped at the meat, and, of conrse, dropped 
what he had. Consequently, he lost his own piece of meat, and did 
not get the other, for it was only a shadow. 

Notice the spelling, the punctuation, and the capital 
letters in this story. 

How many sentences are there in the story ? Has each 
sentence any relation to the others ? 

A connected series of sentences bearing upon a single 
topic is called a paragraph. 

Notice that a small blank space is left at the beginning 
of the first line. The first line of a paragraph should 
always be indented in this way. 

I. Learn to spell and to use in sentences : — 



crossing 


piece 


shadow 


immediately 


dropped 


stream 


mouth 


other 


course 


snapped 


another 


thought 


water 


meat 


happened 



II. Write in a paragraph the story of the dog and his 
shadow, from memory. 

III. Write a paragraph upon any one of the following 
subjects : — 

1. The Stars. 

2. The President of the United States. 

3. The Atlantic Ocean, 

4. The Philippine Islands. 

5. Niagara Falls. 

6. A Snow Storm. 

7. Cooking. 

8. An Interesting Event. 



ENGLISH 15 

THE PARAGRAPH 

After writing the following passage from dictation, tell 
what it is about : — 

" Our government has been tried in peace, and it has been tried in 
war, and has proved itself fit for both. It has been assailed from 
without, and it has successfully resisted the shock; it has been 
disturbed within, and it has effectually resisted the disturbance. It 
can stand trial, it can stand assail, it can stand adversity, it can stand 
everything but the marring of its own beauty and the weakening of 
its own strength. It can stand everything but the effects of our own 
rashness and our own folly. It can stand everything but disorganiza- 
tion, disunion, and nullification." — Daniel Webster. 

Each of the following exercises offers a suggestion for the 
writing of a paragraph. Each of the topics suggested 
should be amplified by the addition of other ideas by way 
of explanation, illustration, or contrast. 

1. The Fourth of July is a great day. (Give reasons.) 

2. The study of arithmetic is a great aid to every one. 

3. James was lazy. His employer became disgusted with him. 
He is discharged. He is out of work. (Expand each of these four 
statements into a paragraph, so that the whole will be a connected 
story of an indolent young man.) 

4. Every one should know how to write English. 

5. It is the duty of every man to vote. 

6. You have always put off those things that were disagreeable to 
you ; therefore you must not hope to be successful in anything that is 
really difficult. 

7. We cannot get along without rain. 

8. The telephone is a wonderful thing. 

9. The fire engine came rushing down the street. 

10. No winter sport is more exciting than coasting. 

11. The life of birds is beset with dangers. 

12. It is easy to take care of a canary bird. 

13. George Washington was a great man. 

14. The foreman must know everything about his shop. 



16 ENGLISH 

THE PARAGRAPH.— EXERCISES 

I. Devote a paragraph to describing the impression that 
each of the following objects makes upon you. Keep in 
mind what has been said about the structure of paragraphs. 

A hot daj^ in July ; the oldest man you know ; a person who is 
generous, but who has a very weak will ; your native town or city ; a 
group of immigrants ; a thunderstorm ; Christmas Day ; hospitality j 
an express train ; the public library. ^ 

II. After studying the following descriptions carefully, 
write descriptive paragraphs of your own by enlarging and 
amplifying the material given you : — 

1. " Firmly builded with rafters of oak, the house of the farmer 
Stood on the side of a hill commanding the sea ; and a shady 
Sycamore grew by the door, with a woodbine wreathing around 

it. 
Rudely carved was the porch, with seats beneath ; and a foot- 
path 
Led through an orchard wide, and disappeared in the meadow.'* 

— H. VV. Longfellow. 

2. " How often have I paused on every charm. 
The sheltered cot, the cultivated farm, 
The never-failing brook, the busy mill, 
The decent church that topt the neighboring hill, 
The hawthorn bush with seats beneath the shade. 
For talking age and whispering lovers made." 

— Oliver Goldsmith. 

Tell the story of some poem with which you are familiar. 

"Write the story carefully, point by point, taking care 
that each paragraph deals with one particular point or 
incident in the narrative. 

Compare your prose story with the poem and see 
whether the paragraphs correspond to the stanzas in 
number and contents. 



ENGLISH 17 

THE PHRASE 

1. A long journey brought us here. 

2. A journey of two hundred and fifty miles brought us to Xew 
York. 

To make the expression of our thought more clear, we 
often find it necessary to use a group of words in place of 
one word. In the second sentence above, the group of 
words " of two hundred and fifty miles " has been written 
in place of the word " long " ; and the group of words "to 
New York," has been .written in place of the word "here." 
They have made the meaning of the sentence clearer. 
These groups of words " of two hundred and fifty miles " 
and " to New York," are called phrases. 

Copy the following sentences, using phrases in place of 
some of the single words : — 

1. All work should be carefully done. 

2. The soldiers fought courageously. 

3. A man should not spend his evenings idly. 

4. His kind gift was gladly received. 

5. Much has been said about American shrewdness. 

6. A bronze statue was set up there. 

7. The boy took off his hat politely. 

8. He listened attentively to what was said. 

9. A thousand hearts beat with happiness. 
10. He does his duty promptly. 

Make sentences of your own containing the following 
phrases : — 

Of England, of the nineteenth century, of the president, of N'ew 
York City, in front of, with great care, at full speed, to the crown, 
out of the building, with horror, at this point, up and down the room, 
of peace, with a book under his arm, for getting aboard, in the even- 
ing, of most people, of the navy, by electricity, on a black horse, 
without any money, of great power, toward the river. 

ENG. EV. SCH. — 2 



18 



ENGLISH 



THE PHRASE 

Write sentences containing the following phrases : — 

1. To speak the truth 

2. Playing baseball 

3. To go visiting 

4. to see the moon rise at night. 

5. to watch the birds build their nests. 

6. To be generous 

7. To be liked by every one 

8. To keep one's temper 

9. By being polite 

10. Of the country; of the trees; of the flowers; of the fields; 
through the ice ; in a terrific storm ; with their guns on their shoul- 
ders ; down the swift stream ; with the help of a crowbar ; of dry fire- 
wood ; in the city ; in the top of a high tree ; of the horse ; toward 
the west ; from his pocket ; through the leaves and branches ; of clear, 
cool water ; between the two houses ; in the desert. 

Write a composition on " A Camp in the Woods," and 
underline all the phrases that you use. 

The plan for the composition may contain the following 
topics : the reason for camping out ; the place selected for 
the camp ; pitching the tent and preparing the boughs for 
the bed ; cooking ; fishing and hunting ; how the evening 
was spent ; strange things in the forest. 

Learn to spell the following words, and then write each 
in a sentence : — 



quarters 


straight 


guidance 


utensils 


shooting 


preparation 


valley 


mountain 


plaintiff 


insurrection 


niece 


noticeable 


alien 


scythe 


lightning 


consistent 


abscess 


rhyme 


describe 


salary 


precede 


eligible 


secretary 


separate 


exceed 


parallel 


tenants 


February 


believe 


catarrh 


conceit 


chimney 



ENGLISH 19 

LETTERS AND COMPOSITIONS 

1. Frank Williams is the owner of a canal boat that 
runs on the Erie Canal. Write to him to make arrange- 
ments to use his boat for a school picnic. 

2. You wish to become an engineer. Write to a friend 
of long experience, and ask his advice as to what you 
should do to prepare yourself for the work. 

3. Write to a stationer, asking him to send you samples 
of stationery. 

4. Write to the congressman of your district, asking 
him how to become eligible for examination for West 
Point. 

5. A gentleman whom you know wishes to buy a dog. 
Write to him, offering to sell him your dog. Describe the 
dog's characteristics. 

6. Explain how the streets are cleaned. 

7. Tell what you know of a street-car transfer. What 
it is ; how it looks ; when and how it is used. 

8. Tell how your city or town is governed. 

9. Describe a lighthouse, and tell of what use it is. 

10. Describe a scene that you have observed in a street 
car. 

11. Write an account of a day spent in taking care of 
a fretful and mischievous child. In the course of your 
story describe the child and outline his character. 

12. You are spending a year on a farm. Compare a 
day's work in summer with that in winter. 

13. Describe the apple woman at the corner. 

14. Put in writing the plot of some story that you 
have read. 

15. Describe an organ grinder. 

16. Write an account of a fire that you have seen. 



20 ENGLISH 

NOUNS 

A noun is the name of a person, a place, or a thing. 

1. All rivers flow to the sea. 

2. Trenton is the capital of New Jersey. 

3. William is industrious. 

4. The Mississippi is a very long river. 

Nouns like " rivers," " sea," and " capital," which are 
the names of classes of persons or objects, are called com- 
mon nouns. 

Nouns like "Trenton," "New Jersey," "William," 
" Mississippi," which are the names of particular individ- 
uals, places, or objects, are called proper nouns. 

The first letter of a proper noun should be a capital. 

1. Write ten sentences, each containing a common noun. 

2. Write ten sentences, each containing a proper noun. 

Pick out the nouns in the following sentences. Tell of 
each whether it is a common or a proper noun. 

1. " Up from the meadows rich with corn, 
Clear in the cool September morn, 
The clustered spires of Frederick stand. 
Green-walled by the hills of Maryland." — J. G. Whittier. 

2. The Nile river runs through Egypt. In Abyssinia the rain 
descends in torrents. This makes the Nile overflow its banks once a 
year. 

3. The buffalo may be found on the prairies of North America. 

4. Salem is one of the oldest towns in Massachusetts. 

Make sentences of your own containing the following 
nouns, stating which are proper and which are common : — 

officer 
governor 
servant 
steamship 



factories 


library 


Roosevelt 


Cuba 


Havana 


harvest 


rice 


London 


soldier 


insurance 


consent 


sailor 



ENGLISH 



21 



THE PLURAL OF NOUNS 



Singular 


Plural 


Singular 


Plural 


girl 


girls 


fish 


fishes 


book 


books 


fox 


foxes 


desk 


desks 


witch 


witches 


coat 


coats 


guess 


guesses 



The plural of nouns is commonly formed by adding s to 
the singular. 

The plural of nouns ending in sA, ch^ s, or x is formed 
by adding es to the singular. 

I. Write sentences, using the plural of each of the fol- 
lowing nouns : — 

scratch part rush lunch 

box brush gun march 

right patch circus box 



Singular 


Plural 


Singular 


Plural 


journey 


journeys 


duty 


duties 


monkey 


monkeys 


ferry 


ferries 



When the singular ends in y preceded by a vowel (a, e, 
% 0, or ^t), the plural is formed by adding s ; but when 
the final y is preceded by a consonant, the plural is 
formed by changing y into z, and adding es. 

II. Write sentences, using the plurals of the following 
nouns : — 

colony city 

chimney party 

folly enemy 

For dictation : — 

" God moves in a mysterious way 
His wonders to perform ; 
He plants his footsteps on the sea 
And rides upon the storm." — William Cowper. 



fury 


fancy 


daisy 


mystery 


turkey 


lily 


copy 


lady 


alley 



22 ENGLISH 

THE PLURAL OF NOUNS 

I. Most nouns ending in/ or/e form the plural by add- 
ing s. A few form their plural by changing/ or /e into v, 
and adding es ; as, — 

Singular Plural 

wolf wolves 

life lives 

Write sentences, using the plurals of : — 

wife half thief self 

knife loaf leaf shelf 

II. The plural of most nouns ending in o, preceded by a 
consonant, is formed by adding es ; as, — 

Negro, Negroes tomato, tomatoes 

Write sentences, using the plurals of : — 

calico grotto buffalo echo 

veto volcano hero cargo 

motto mosquito potato tornado 

III. Learn the following plurals and use them in sen- 
tences : — 

woman, women man, men foot, feet goose 

tooth, teeth mouse, mice child, children ox, oxen 

IV. Write the plurals of the following words : — 

trees meadow beach 

stick cherry buoy 

flower hawk ranch 

book house sail 

ally sheaf calf 



use 


gas 


country 


family 


wing 


mesh 


copy 


post 


word 


story 



ENGLISH 23 

CAPITAL LETTERS 

I. The first word of a sentence should begin with a 

capital letter ; as, — 

The weather is cold. 

IL A line of poetry should begin with a capital letter ; 

as, — 

" Speak clearly, if you speak at all ; 

Carve every word before you let it fall." — O. W. Holmes. 

III. Proper names should begin with capital letters; 
as, — 

George Washington, Fort Henry, England, France, Adirondacks. 

IV. All names of the deity should begin with capital 

letters ; as, — 

God, Jehovah, Christ. 

V. Most abbreviations should begin with capital letters ; 

as, — 

I have invited Mr. Phillips and Dr. Smith. 

VI. The words I and should be written in capitals ; 

as, — 

George feared that I would not dare to do it. 

Copy the following sentences and show how the rules 
are applied : — 

1. Mr. Mitchell will sail for England on Monday. 

2. I will tell Mrs. Potter to go to New York. 

Copy the following, putting capitals where necessar}^: — 

charles street london america 

desk orchard pen england 

Chicago delaware stove book 

For dictation : — (Notice the use of capitals.) 

In 1643, a league was formed by the four colonies, Massachusetts, 
Plymouth, Connecticut, and New Haven, against the Indians. 



24 ENGLISH 

THE PRONOUN 

I shall be glad to help you, if you will allow me. 

In this sentence, how many times does the speaker men- 
tion himself ? How many times does he mention the one 
spoken to? Does he mention his own name? Does he 
mention the name of the person to whom he is speaking ? 
By what words does he mention himself ? By what words 
does he mention the speaker ? You now see the advantage 
in the use of the words J, me, and you. 

Write sentences containing /, we, you^ she^ her, he, his, 
him, they, there, them, it, and its. 

Words that stand for nouns are called pronouns. Those 
pronouns, which stand for the name of the speaker, of the 
one spoken to, or the one spoken of, are called personal 

pronouns. 

Who was Alexander Hamilton ? 

What made Benjamin Franklin famous? 

What kind of sentences are these? Pick out the sub- 
ject and predicate of each. What punctuation mark stands 
at the end of each of these sentences? The words who 
and what stand for nouns that are unknown. 

Make interrogative sentences, using who, which, what. 
Those pronouns which stand for the unknown noun in an 
interrogative sentence are called interrogative pronouns. 
What punctuation mark follows a sentence begun with an 
interrogative pronoun ? 
For dictation : — 

" Woodman, spare that tree ! 
Touch not a single bough ! 
In youth it sheltered me, 
And I'll protect it now." 

— G. P. Morris. 



ENGLISH 25 

THE PRONOUN 

Point out the pronouns in the following sentences, and 
tell for what each stands : — 

1. The trees have shed their leaves. 

2. I saw my friend as he passed my door. 

3. When John had brought all his things on shore, and placed 
them in safety, he went back to his boat and rowed her along the 
shore to her old mooring. 

4. The flowers were bending their heads as if they were dreaming 
of the rainbow and the dew. 

Rewrite the following sentences, inserting the proper 
pronouns in the blank spaces : — 

1. The man and his wife have brought luncheon. 

2. If any boy or girl finds the book, will return it to my desk. 

3. The committee brought in recommendation. 

4. The flock of sheep was on the way to grazing ground. 

5. If the manufacturer and the workman differ in views, it 

is because have different interests. 

6. is at the door? 

7. did you see at the meeting last night? 

8. shall I do to get the money ? 

9. did you say did it? 

10. of the two books do you like the better ? 

11. carriage is this ? 

12. a great number of people there was. 

13. If I were in place, should have everything 

wished. 

14. The man on help I relied was absent. 

15. Each gave as much attention to it as could. 

16. I will give all money, if you will give all time. 

17. I know you want. 

18. John, I see that are not disposed to do what you should 

in the matter. 

19. The managers of the railroad met at regular meeting 

place, and each gave opinion on the matter, so that each knew 

the other's thought. 



26 ENGLISH 

THE ADJECTIVE 

Honest man ; willing servant ; strong horse ; lohite house. 

An adjective is a word used to modify a noun or a pro- 
noun. It points out some quality or condition of the noun 
or pronoun that it modifies. The words " honest," " will- 
ing," " strong," and " white " are adjectives. Each men- 
tions a certain quality possessed by the noun it modifies. 
In the phrases at the top of the page, " honest " mentions 
the ''honesty" of man ; "willing " mentions the " willing- 
ness " of servant; "strong" mentions the "strength" of 
horse ; and " white " mentions the " whiteness " of house. 

Join the following adjectives to nouns : — 

industrious this a^gry dead 

strong fourteenth wooden these 

truthful English severe those 

Join adjectives to the following nouns : — 

music position bank mountain 

country morning post office railway 

Cuba window ocean cotton 

Name some things that have the following qualities : — 

acid hard soft red sharp 

sweet brittle fragrant thick loud 

Pick out the adjectives in the following, and tell what 
quality each mentions. For dictation : — 

" No longer let me shun my part 
Amid the busy scenes of life, 
But with a warm and generous heart 
Press onward in the glorious strife." 

— J. H. Bryant. 



ENGLISH 27 

THE ADJECTIVE 

I. Never use the pronoun them for the adjective those. 

Say:- 

Those men wish to speak with us. I will speak with them. 

Copy the following sentences, using the pronoun them 
and the adjective those in their proper places : — 

1. You can take books, if you wish. 

2. I shall give the money to-morrow. 

3. Bless that persecute you. 

4. The people elected men, because they were honest and 

industrious. 

II. Two., three., these., those., and all adjectives denoting 
more than one require plural nouns. 

Say:- 

These kinds of men ; not these kind of men. Six feet of rope ; 
not six foot of rope. 

Copy the following, filling in with proper words : — 

1. Mr. Jones is six tall. 

2. These of boys can be trusted. 

3. The weight of an ordinary man is one hundred and fifty . 

4. Yesterday I received two of apples. 

5. The bridge was sixty long. 

For dictation : — 

" The talent of success is nothing more than doing what you can 
do well, and doing well whatever you do, without a thought of fame." 
— H. W. Longfellow. 

Learn to spell and to use the following : — 

address letter first number factory 

industry machine envelope success special 



28 



ENGLISH 



THE VERB 

1. Water runs down hill. 

2. The robin conies in the spring. 

The verb " runs " in the first sentence tells an action of 
water. The verb " comes " in the second sentence tells an 
action of the robin. 

A verb asserts something of its subject. 

In each of the following sentences, pick out the verb and 
tell what it asserts of its subject : — 

1. The farmer is cutting the grass. 

2. George Washington commanded the army. 

3. Benjamin Franklin invented the lightning rod. 

4. Thomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence. 

5. The mob became angry. 



Make twenty sentences by combining the following 
nouns and verbs : — 



engme, engines 
prisoner, prisoners 
water, waters 
wheel, wheels 
orator, orators 



march, marches 
run, runs 
bleat, bleats 
escape, escapes 
rush, rushes 





Nouns 


ship, ships 
wheel, wheels 


lamb, lambs 
soldier, soldiers 


fire, fires 


horse, horses 


thief, thieves 
dog, dogs 


eagle, eagles 
saw, saws 




Verbs 


sail, sails 


fly, flies 


steal, steals 


cut, cuts 


burn, burns 


move, moves 


revolve, revolves 
howl, howls 


speak, speaks 
turn, turns 



" Mont Blanc is the monarch of mountains ; 
They crowned him long ago, 
On a throne of rocks, in a robe of clouds, 
With a diadem of snow." — G. G. Byron. 



ENGLISH 29 

THE VERB 

I. Was is often used incorrectly for were. 

Singular Plural 

I was We were 

You were You were 

He was They were 

Make four sentences, using for subjects we^ you^ tJiey^ 
and gentlemen^ and for predicates verbs introduced by 
were, 

II. From the following list of verbs, pick out the 
proper words to fill the blanks in the sentences below : — 

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 

has does was is goes runs 

have do were are go run 

1. With what kind of a letter ? every sentence begin ? 

2. The ladies ! invited to remain to dinner. 

3. The regiment \ gone to the war. 

4. The horse ? down the hill. 

5. You ? absent from the meeting, John. 

6. The soldiers . 5 down the street. 

III. In the following dictation exercise, notice the 
capital letters, the nouns, the verbs, and the periods : — 

" At a httle before ten the British could see that Montcalm was 
preparing to advance, and in a few moments all his troops appeared 
in rapid motion. They came on in three divisions, firing heavily." 
— Francis Parkman. 

Learn to spell and use in sentences : — 



before 


British 


preparing 


advance 


moments 


troops 


appeared 


rapid 


conceive 


siege 


judgment 


defensible 



30 ENGLISH 

THE ADVERB 

He lives long that lives well. 

In this sentence, the word " long " modifies the meaning 
of the verb " lives " ; the word " well " modifies the mean- 
ing of the second verb " lives." " Long " and '' well " are 
adverbs. 

An adverb is a word used to modify the meaning of a 
verb, an adjective, or another adverb. 

I. Some adverbs show where ; as, — He walked away. 

Write sentences containing the following adverbs of 
place : — 
down up below here there off for somewhere 

n. Some adverbs show when or how often ; as, — He 
walked to town once a day for his newspaper. 

Write sentences containing the following adverbs of 
time : — 

to-day presently soon always once daily 
yesterday early again often twice never 

ni. Some adverbs show how; as, — The orator spoke 
slowly. 

Use the following adverbs of manner in sentences : — 

slowly quickly carefully together badly 

well distinctly gratefully sorrowfully gladly 

IV. Some adverbs show how much ; as, — He was almost 
exhausted. 

Use the following adverbs of degree in sentences : — 
almost enough too so only little much 

V. Some adverbs express certainty and uncertainty. 
Write sentences containing the following adverbs : — 

possibly perhaps surely really 

certainly probably truly positively 



ENGLISH 31 

NARRATION 

Study this story ; — 

THE WIND AND THE SUN 

The Wind and the Sun were disputing as to which of the two was 
the stronger. While they were talking about it, a traveler came along. 
They agreed that the one who should first make the stranger take his 
coat off, should be called the stronger. 

The Wind first tried his strength, and blew as hard as he could. 
But the harder he blew, the more closely did the traveler wrap his 
coat around him. At last the Wind gave it up and called upon the 
Sun to show what he could do. 

Then the Sun came out with all his warmth. The traveler felt the 
heat and soon unbuttoned his coat. Finally he took it off altogether 
and sat down in the shadow of the nearest tree for protection. 

What is a paragraph ? How many paragraphs are there 
in this story ? How many sentences are there in the first 
paragraph ? in the second ? in the third ? What do you 
notice about the first line in each paragraph ? 

A story is a number of paragraphs that relate to a 
certain subject. 

Rewrite the story in your words. Divide it into three 
paragraphs, according to the following headings : — 

1. The Dispute. 

2. The Wind's Attempt. 

3. The Sun's Triumph. 

Write narrations on the following topics : — 

The Apple Woman. 
A Day in the Country. 
My First Day at School. 
The Story of a Penny. 
The Forgetful Boy. 
A Bicycle Trip. 
A Runaway Horse. 



32 ENGLISH 

LETTERS 

Copy the following business letter, observing the capi- 
tal letters, abbreviations, and punctuation. Notice that 
on the first two lines the address of the writer and the 
date of writing are placed. These are on the right-hand 
side of the page. 

On the lines immediately following and on the left- 
hand side of the page the name of the company and its 
address are written. Then follows on the next- line the 
word "Gentlemen." 

When the body of the letter has been written, the 
writer signs himself. 

Respectfully yours, 

John Smith. 

Trenton, N. J. , 

Dec. 6, 1904. 
American Book Company, 

100 Washington Square, New York. 
Gentlemen: — 

For the inclosed money-order for fifteen dollars ($15.00), kindly 
send me by express one complete set of Shakespeare's works. 

Respectfully yours, 

John Smith. 

Write a business letter to Jordan, Marsh Co., Wash- 
ington Street, Boston, Mass., ordering three rugs at 14.00 
per rug. 

Write to the Outlook Company, 287 Fourth Avenue, 
New York City, asking for the Outlook for one year, and 
inclosing money order for three dollars in payment. 

Write to John Wanamaker, Broadway, New York City, 
applying for a position as salesman. 



ENGLISH 38 



LETTERS 

Copy the following letter to a friend. Note that it 
differs in form from a business letter. 

Trenton, N, J., 

Dec. 2, 1904. 
My dear Tom : — 

I am very glad indeed to receive your letter of November 24. 
It gives me great pleasure to hear that you are recovering from your 
long illness. 

You ask me what I am doing. I have just taken a position in the 
milk business. I drive the team for the delivery of milk in the morn- 
ing. Sometimes it is pretty hard getting up so early on the cold 
winter mornings. But you have heard the old proverb, "Early to 
bed and early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise." 

Kindly remember me to your father and mother. Hoping to hear 
from you very soon, I remain. 

Yours very truly, 

William B. Mitchell. 

Write a letter to a friend containing a description of 
your daily work. See that the place of writing, the date, 
the greeting, and the conclusion are in their proper places. 



^ake sentences containing : — 






stitch young portion 


warmth 


machine 


trace group dentist 


rusty 


circle 



Write a letter to your cousin, Mr. Charles H. Smith, ask- 
ing him to take dinner with you next Thursday evening. 

Write a letter of congratulation to your brother on his 
birthday. 

Write a letter to the Associated Charities, Boston, Mass., 
asking aid for an old lady who needs help. 

Write an account of some battle of which you have read. 



ENG. EV. SCH.- 



34 ENGLISH 

DESCRIPTION AND EXPOSITION 

1. Tell how a tree is felled. 

2. Compare a grasshopper and a bumblebee. 

3. Describe a game of tennis. 

4. Tell all you know about a bicycle, how it is made 
and operated, and to what accidents it is liable. 

5. Tell how bread is made. 

6. Describe an electric car. 

7. Describe an elevator. 

8. Tell a beginner how to row a boat. 

9. Tell how a drawbridge works. 

10. Tell what the duties of a locomotive engineer are. 

11. Tell how potatoes are raised. 

12. Explain how you would build a fire in a stove. 

13. Tell how you would harness a horse. 

14. Tell how you would mend a tin can which has a 
hole in it. 

15. Describe the building of a road. 

16. Tell what the duties of a policeman are. 

17. Tell how letters reach their destination. 

18. Tell how a board fence is built. 

19. Tell what the duties of a fireman are. 

20. Tell how you would sew a button on a coat. 

21. Tell how the telephone helps us. 

22. Describe a canoe. 

23. Tell how a chimney is built. 

24. Tell how bricks are made. 

25. Tell how you would cook a piece of beef. 

26. Tell how you would make a camp in the woods. 

27. Tell of a visit to a large manufactory. 

28. Tell of your favorite sport. 

29. Tell what you read in the newspaper. 



ENGLISH 



35 



WORDS OF LIKE SOUND 



aunt, a female relative 
ant, an insect 

cellar, a basement room 
seller, one who sells 

seam, to join together 
seem, to appear 

week, seven days 
weak, feeble 



bury, to cover up 
berry, a fruit 

heel, part of the foot 
heal, to cure 

stationery, materials for writing 
stationary, fixed 

waist, the middle of the body 
waste, squander 



Copy the following sentences, filling the blank spaces 
with the proper words : — 

1. Bring some wood from the , John. 

2. There are fifty-two in a year. 

3. They to be honest men. 

4. They will him in the graveyard to-morrow. 

5. If he takes care of himself, the wound will . 

6. He was standing in the water up to his . 

7. One of the busiest of insects is the . 

8. When you go to town, please buy some . 



Write the plurals of the following words : 



chimney 

sleigh 

tax 



child 

pulley 

man-of-war 



lily 

valley 

river 



wharf 
penny 
volcano 



mystery 

road 

rose 



For dictation : — 

" A man should never be ashamed to say that he has been in the 
wrong, which is but saying in other words that he is wiser to-day 
than he was yesterday." — Alexander Pope. 



Opinion governs all mankind 

Like the blind's leading of the blind." — Samuel Butler. 



36 



ENGLISH 



ABBREVIATIONS 

1. Doctor William Johnson Mitchell lives in Newark, Essex County, 
New Jersey. 

2. Dr. Wm. J. Mitchell lives in Newark, Essex Co., N. J. 

Compare these two sentences. Each is an expression of 
the same thought. Read each sentence aloud. In the 
second sentence how is the word "Doctor" shortened? 
How is the name "Johnson" shortened? How is the 
name " William " shortened ? The word " County " ? 
What is the shortened form of the name of the State 
of New Jersey? 

Shortened forms, such as Dr. for Doctor, Wm. for Wil- 
liam, Co. for County, and N. J. for New Jersey, are called 
abbreviations. 

Learn the following abbreviations 

Jan January. 

Feb February. 

Mar March. 

Apr April. 

Aug August. 

Sept September. 

Oct. ..... October. 

Nov November. 

Dec December. 

What mark is placed after each abbreviation? Make 
sentences containing each of the abbreviations written 
above. 



lations : 


— 


C.O.D. 


. . collect on delivery 


amt. . 


. . amount. 


doz. . 


. . dozen. 


Rev. . 


. Reverend. 


Supt. . , 


. Superintendent. 


Hon.. . 


. Honorable. 


Dr. . . 


. Doctor; also, debtor. 


lb. . . 


. pound. 


oz. . . 


. ounce. 



For dictation : — 

" Dear, gentle, patient, noble Nell was dead. Her little bird — a 
poor slight thing the pressure of a -finger would have crushed — was 
stirring nimbly in its cage ; and the strong heart of its child mistress 
was mute and motionless forever." — Charles Dickens. 



ENGLISH 37 

PUNCTUATION 

I. An abbreviation should be followed by a period ; as, — 
Mr. Chas. G. Shaw. Hon. John E. Dickson. 

II. A sentence, not interrogative or exclamatory, 
should be followed by a period. 

III. An interrogative sentence should be followed by 
an interrogation point (?) ; as, — 

What is the climate of Mexico ? 

IV. An exclamatory word, group of words, or sentence 
should be followed by an exclamation point (!); as, — 

Hush ! I hear some one coming ! O noble friend ! 

Notice the punctuation of the following sentences : — 

1. " Who is losing? who is winning? are they far ; or come they near? 
Look abroad and tell us, sister, whither rolls the storm we hear." 

— J. G. Whittier. 

2. " Part thy blue lips, northern lake ! 

Moss-grown rocks, your silence break ! " 

— J. G. Whittier. 

3. Dr. J. C. Goldsmith will give an illustrated lecture in Lyceum 

Hall, Manchester, N". H. 

Supply the period, the interrogation point, and the 
exclamation point in the following sentences : — 

" Who is this youth Surely he has never gone down into the 
depths I know all the aspects of those who have passed through the 
dark valley By what right is he among us " 

— Nathaniel Hawthorne. 

Learn to spell : — 

register through lecture abroad following 

occupation silence supply northern abbreviation 



38 ENGLISH 

PUNCTUATION 

1. The name of a person or thing addressed should be 

marked off from the rest of the sentence by a comma (,) ; 

as, — 

Your work is improving, John. 

II. Several words, phrases, or clauses of the same kind, 
following each other, should be separated by commas ; 

as, — 

Mr. Andrews is an industrious, honest, temperate man. 

III. A word or a phrase in apposition, that is a word 
or a phrase explajining the word it follows, is separated 
from the rest of the sentence by commas ; as, — 

Daniel Webster, the great orator, was born in New Hampshire. 

IV. A direct quotation, that is the exact words of a 
writer or a speaker, should be separated from the preced- 
ing part of the sentence by a comma ; as, — 

Agassiz said, " I have no time to waste in making money." 

V. The members of a compound sentence should be 
separated by a comma ; as, — 

He shouted, but received no answer. 

Supply periods and commas in the following : — 

1. The old oaken bucket the iron-bound bucket 

The moss-covered bucket which hangs in the well 

2. Make up your mind to do a thing and you will surely do it 

3. It hurts a man's pride to say " I do not know " 

4. He who teaches often learns himself 

Learn to spell : — 

pride bucket separate frequent building 

route prosperity numerous multiply receipt 



ENGLISH 39 



THE CLAUSE 



1. When the pistol was fired, the runners started. 

2. The vessel was condemned, because it leaked. 

3. I think that he can be trusted. 

In the first sentence two assertions are made. The sub- 
ject of the first assertion is " pistol " and the predicate of 
the first assertion is '' was fired." The subject of the sec- 
ond assertion is '^ the runners," and the predicate of the 
second assertion is "started." 

The words "- the runners started " gives the principal 
thought of the sentence. The words " When the pistol 
was fired " is an assertion that depends for its full mean- 
ing on the principal thought of the sentence. It cannot 
stand alone. 

A division of a sentence having a subject and a predi- 
cate is a clause. 

A clause that expresses the leading thought of a sen- 
tence is an independent or principal clause. A clause that 
depends upon some other part of a sentence for its full 
meaning is a dependent or subordinate clause. 

Copy the following sentences, picking out the principal 
and the subordinate clauses : — 

1. If the bank is closed, you cannot get your money. 

2. When the fire was put out, the crowd went away. 

3. Forgive us our debts, as we forgive our debtors. 

4. We cannot tell what the jury will decide. 

5. I believe that you will succeed. 

6. The king was silent when he heard this story. 

7. We advance in freedom as we advance in years. 

8. He walked on, though he was very tired. 

9. She laughed till the tears rolled down her face. 

10. Before the firemen arrived, the building fell. 

11. War with Spain was declared when McKinley was President. 



40 ' ENGLISH 

THE SIMPLE SENTENCE 

You have learned that a sentence is the complete expres- 
sion of a thought in words, whether written or spoken. 

The elements of a sentence are the words, phrases, or 
clauses of which it is made up. 

The simple sentence consists of one independent propo- 
sition. It contains only one subject and one predicate. 
But any number of words and phrases may be grouped 
about the subject and predicate as modifiers of these 
elements. 

1. The fire burns. 

2. The big fire of logs in the grate burns fiercely. 

These are both simple sentences. 

Charles ran. 

Little Charles, the postman's sou, ran down the street to buy his 
father a newspaper. 

We see that by grouping words and phrases about the 
subject and predicate of a simple sentence, we may make 
it quite long. 

Enlarge the following simple sentences : — 

1. The snow is falling. 8. The door closed. 

2. We found violets. 9. School is dismissed. 

3. The man is reading. 10. The tree grows. 

4. The children sang. 11. The buoy rang. 

5. The pond is freezing. 12. The brook flowed. 

6. The mill burns. 13. The girl hears a knock 

7. The man is good. 14. Spring comes. 

Write simple sentences containing the following 
words : — 

letter bank farmer politician forest 

police office autumn motion river 

government printer wheat building armory 



ENGLISH 41 

THE SIMPLE SENTENCE 

Every sentence consists of a subject and a predicate. 
The subject of a sentence is that person, place, or thing 
which is spoken of ; the predicate is that which is said of 
the subject. 

A declarative sentence is one that declares or asserts 
something as a fact. 

Rewrite the following sentences, filling in the blanks 
with suitable words, so as to make each a complete simple 
sentence : — 

1. I an old beggar in my wjrik. 

2. The battle went on with for three hours. 

3. The French army too exhausted for pursuit. 

4. The general his army in the suburbs of the town. 

5. The fired a broadside at the enemy. 

6. Higher and higher the sun. 

7. The owls all night long. 

8. A crow in a tall elm tree. 

9. When the smoke cleared away, several of the mob . 

10. A little leak a great ship. 

11. The have wandered about nearly all day. 

12. The eyes of the savage with fury. 

13. A high blew hats and bonnets about. 

14. commanded the American army. 

15. A sudden clouded the sky. 

16. Down the timber with a crash. 

Tell the part of speech of each of the words you have 
put in. 

For dictation : — 

A crow, who was dying of thirst, saw a pitcher, and hastened to it, 
hoping to find some water. He found the water in the bottom of the 
pitcher, but it was so low that he could not reach it. Looking about 
him, he spied some pebbles. He brought these, one by one, and 
dropped them into the pitcher, until the level of the water was raised 
within his reach. 



42 ENGLISH 

THE COMPOUND SENTENCE 

Mr. Rawson closed his factory, and the workingmen stood idle in 
the streets. 

How many clauses are there in this sentence? How 
many subjects ? How many predicates ? Can each clause 
stand alone ? Does each clause make sense of itself when 
written alone ? Does each clause contain a thought? Is 
either clause dependent on the other for its meaning ? 

A compound sentence is one made up of two or more 
independent clauses. 

Form compound sentences of the following groups of 
simple sentences : — 

It was springtime. 

The buds were appearing on the trees. 

The night is growing dark. 
The snow begins to fall. 

Master your work. 

Do not let your work master you. 

The door was quietly opened. 
A little boy looked in. 
He ran away very quickly. 

Money may make a man comfortable. 
It cannot make him wise. 

Write ten compound sentences of your own, using the 
following words : — 



Spaniards 


second 


third 


time 


harvest 


laborers 


nation ^ 


church 


neighbors 


liberty 


interest 


approach 


defeated 


railway 


park 


sold 


rapid 


summer 


carriage 


public 


flowers 



ENGLISH 43 

THE COMPOUND SENTENCE 

Examine tlie following sentence : — 

The dog barked, and the burglar ran away. 

Is this a compound sentence ? Name the independent 
clauses. What connects the two independent clauses ? 
Examine the following sentence : — 

The whistle blew, the train started, and we were on our journey. 

How many independent clauses does this sentence con- 
tain ? Name them. Are they connected ? 

The independent clauses of a compound sentence are 
usually connected by such words as and and hut. 

Separate these compound sentences into the clauses of 
which they are composed. Mention the words that con- 
nect the clauses, if you find any. 

1. The man shivered, but did not complain. 

2. There is no land above our house, and there are no springs at 
hand for our use. 

3. The night had been heavy and lo\Yering, but toward the morn- 
ing it had changed to a light frost, and it had become cold. 

4. The war pipes ceased, but lake and hill 
Were busy with their echoes still. 

5. He went to war a private, but returned a captain. 

6. He has failed, yet he strives manfully on against all obstacles. 

7. Reason frequently errs, but instinct rarely makes a mistake. 

8. He would not explain, nor would he make any denial. 

9. He will not go, but he will send his brother. 

10. I should have called John, but he came of his own accord. 

11. He was too wise to commit faults, but he was not energetic 
enough to make himself perfect. 

12. Books are good, friends are better, but a clear conscience is 
best of all. 

13. Rise early, work hard, and sleep well. 



44 ENGLISH 

THE COMPLEX SENTENCE 

1. When Abraham Lincoln was a boy, he was very poor. 

2. He will do as you advise. 

3. While you are waiting, you may read this book. 

In the first sentence, " he was very poor " is the prin- 
cipal clause. A principal clause may stand alone. It 
makes good sense of itself. The subordinate clause is 
" When Abraham Lincoln was a boy." A subordinate 
clause cannot stand alone. It does not make sense of 
itself. It does not express a complete thought. It is of 
use only in connection with a principal clause. It is de- 
pendent on the principal clause for its meaning. 

Discuss in this way the second and third sentences. A 
sentence composed of one principal clause and one or 
more subordinate clauses is a complex sentence. 

For dictation : — 

" We can almost fancy that we are visiting him [Milton] in his 
small lodging ; that we see him sitting at the old organ beneath the 
folded green hangings ; that we can catch the quick twinkle of his 
eyes, rolling in vain to find the day; that we are reading in the lines 
of his noble countenance the proud and mournful history of his 
glory and his affliction." — T. B. Macaulay. 

Is this a complex sentence? There is one principal 
clause. How many subordinate clauses are there ? Pick 
out the subject and the predicate of the principal clause ; 
of each subordinate clause. 

Write the following complex sentences, and pick out 
the principal and subordinate clauses : — 

1. He was there when the train arrived. 

2. The whole nation heard with astonishment that the emperor 
had abdicated. 

3. As soon as day appeared, we were wakened by loud noises in 
the streets. 



ENGLISH 45 

• THE COMPLEX SENTENCE 

Compare the following sentences : — 

The array camped at sunset. 

The army camped when the sun went down. 

These two sentences express the same idea, but they 
differ in their way of expressing it. What kind of a 
sentence is the first sentence ? What kind of a sentence 
is the second sentence ? Name its independent clause. 
Name its dependent clause. What word connects the 
dependent clause with the independent clause. The 
dependent clauses are connected with the independent 
clauses by such words as when^ though^ as, because, while, 
and where. 

Separate each complex sentence into the independent 
and dependent clauses, and mention the connecting 
words : — 

1. Long ago, when the world was new, this valley had been the 
bed of a lake. 

2. The men tramped on, though they were nearly exhausted. 
. 3. We get wiser as we get older. 

4. The boat would not start because a storm had been predicted. 

6. While you are bailing out the boat, I will get the oars. 

6. When the breeze came, the sailors hoisted the sails. 

7. I will send you the money when I get my pay. 

8. He sprang to his feet as he spoke. 

9. The man died of his injury before the doctor came. 

10. The soldiers marched down the street while the band played. 

11. Charles won the prize, though he had never played before. 

12. He was ashamed to show himself because he owed money to 
all his friends. 

13. If we cannot live so as to be happy, let us at least live so as to 
deserve happiness. 

14. Howe'er it be, it seems to me, 
'Tis only noble to be good. 



46 ENGLISH 

COMBINATION OF SENTENCES 

The gale blew violently. It scattered all the leaves about. The 
leaves were yellow. This was all along the street. 

These four sentences may be combined into one sentence, 
thus : — 

The gale blew violently, scattering all the yellow leaves along the 
street. 

Combine each of the following groups of sentences into 
a single sentence : — 

1. Little Alice had tears in her eyes. Her eyes were blue. She 
said she hoped that it would stop raining. She was so anxious to go 
to the city. She wanted to buy a new hat. 

2. Charles was a boy of twelve. He was a bright scholar. His 
parents were very poor. Charles had to leave school and go to work. 

3. A man is sitting in the chair. He has a strong and sturdy 
frame. His face has been roughened by the storm. His hair is black. 

4. The soldiers had marched forth very proudly. They came 
back covered with dust. They were very tired. 

5. The work was very hard. Tom had begun it. He was resolved 
to carry it through to the end. In this good resolution he was assisted 
by his friends. 

6. Arthur's father had been a clergyman. He had risen to a large 
parish. This was during the war. He could now send his son to 
college. 

7. The yearly festival was always kept at the village. It was 
always kept in the old-fashioned way. Nothing was allowed to inter- 
fere with it. 

8. For days beforehand the girls helped their mothers. They 
helped in the storerooms and in the kitchens. They helped to make 
pies and puddings. They helped to sort fruit. 

9. The White river gracefully winds through the valley. It 
winds over a sandy bottom. It sometimes sparkles in shallows. 

10. The room was about ten feet long. It was eight feet wide. It 
was seven feet high. This room John called his den. Several pictures 
hung on the walls of the room. These pictures were very old. 



ENGLISH 47 



CONTRACTION OF COMPOUND SENTENCES 

Example. — Charles must work, and George must work. 
Charles and George must work. 

Contract the following : — 

1. Lafayette was a great lover of America, and Baron Steuben 
was a great lover of America. 

2. The earth revolves in its orbit, and the moon revolves in its 
orbit. 

3. The razor is sharp, and the knife is sharp. 

4. Washington was a great general, and Grant was a great general. 

5. Yesterday our train was late, and to-day it was late too. 

6. McKinley was a candidate for the presidency of the United 
States, and Bryan was a candidate at the same time. 

7. Cuba produces tobacco, and Puerto Rico produces it also. 

8. The printing press has been a great aid to civilization, and the 
steam engine has helped it. 

9. The honest man will always pay his debts, and the honest man 
will always tell the truth. 

10. It is profitable to read good books, and it is profitable to hear 
good lectures. 

11. Shakespeare had great knowledge of the world, and Shakespeare 
wrote many famous dramas. 

12. The theater amuses us, and the theater instructs us. 

13. The steamships carry thousands of passengers to Europe, and 
the steamships carry great quantities of freight to Europe. 

14. England has the largest navy in the world, and England has 
the largest trade in the world. 

15. Whoever will succeed must be industrious, and whoever will 
succeed must be honest. 

16. They came not as conquerors, but they came as true-hearted 
heroes. 

17. He was a resolute man, he was a just man, and he was an able 
man. 

18. I galloped, Dirck galloped, we galloped all three. 

19. It came upon the midnight clear, and it was a glorious song of 
old. 



48 ENGLISH 

CHOICE OF WORDS 

I. My brother sent me a number of beautiful pigeons, and my 
cousin sent me a quantity of fruit. 

Can the pigeons be counted ? Can the fruit be weighed ? 

Use the word number when speaking of things that can 
be counted. Use the word qumitity when speaking of 
things that can be measured or weighed. 

Copy the following sentences, filling the blank spaces 
with the proper words : — 

1. I saw a of sawdust on the floor. 

2. There was a of potatoes on the table. 

3. He had a of boards in his wagon. 

4. The box contained a of seed. 

5. There was a large of cattle in the barn. ' 

Make six sentences, using the words quantity and 
number. 

II. William has less common sense than James. Mr. Jones has 
fewer horses than his neighbors. 

In speaking of quantity, use less. In referring to num- 
bers, use fewer. 

Copy the following sentences, filling the blank spaces 
with the proper words : — 

1. There are men in the room than before. 

2. There is sugar in this barrel than in that. 

3. There are pupils in this room than in that one. 

4. Japan has inhabitants than China. 

5. I have money than he. 

Make three sentences of your own containing the word 
fewer. 

Make three sentences of your own containing the word 
less. 



ENGLISH 49 

CHOICE OF WORDS 

I. Great care should be taken in the use of the fol- 
lowing words : to^ at, for, with, from, hy, into, between, 
among, on. 

1. Say : " John was not at home." 
Don't say: "John was not to home." 

2. Say: " Florida is very different/rom Alaska." 
Don't say: " Florida is very different to Alaska." 

3. Say: " The beggar was in want o/food." 
Don't say: "The beggar was in want /or food." 

4. Say: " The parade was followed hy a crowd of boys." 
Don't say : " The parade was followed with a crowd of boys." 

5. Say : " He fell from the bridge into the water." 
Don't say : " He fell from the bridge in the water." 

6. Say: "Mary has a close resemblance to her mother." 
Don't say: "Mary has a close resemblance o/her mother." 

7. Say: "He divided his money among his three sons." 
Don't say: " He divided his money between his three sons." 

8. Say: " Yon can trust in him." 
Don't say: "You can trust on him." 

II. Copy the following sentences, supplying the proper 
words in the blank spaces : — 

1. The Rhine is a very different river the Amazon. 

2. William went quietly the house. 

3. You can confide ■ his being on time. 

4. The estate was divided the three brothers. 

5. Mr. Smith was in want ready money. 

III. Make sentences of your own containing : — 

to from 

at with 

for by 

" Write it on your heart that every day is the best day of the 
year." — R. W. Emerson. 

ENG. EV. SCH. — 4 



m 


among 


into 


on 


between 


toward 



50 ENGLISH 

THE NOUN — POSSESSIVE CASE 

A noun is a name. 

A common noun is a name common to all of a class of 
individuals or objects. 

A proper noun is the name of a particular individual 
or object. A proper noun should begin with a capital 
letter. 

Possessive Singular Possessive Plural 

A man's boots The men's boots 

A lily's stem The lilies' stems 

What is added to the nouns "man " and "lily" to form 
the possessive singular ? 

How is the possessive plural of the word " men" formed? 

How is the possessive plural of the word "lilies" formed? 

The possessive singular of nouns is formed by adding 
an apostrophe and s to the noun ('s) ; as, — John, 
John's. 

When the plural of a noun does not end in s, its posses- 
sive is formed by adding an apostrophe and s ('s). 

When the plural of a noun does end in s, its possessive 
is formed by simply annexing the apostrophe. 

Write both the possessive singular and the possessive 
plural of the following nouns in sentences : — 



parent 


daisy 


village 


factory 


ox 


lady 


bank 


company 


iourney 


Indian 


clerk 


afternoon 



For dictation : — 

"Every man's, and boy's, and girl's head carries snatches of his 

." — R. W. Emerson. 
" Wise men read very sharply all your private history in your look, 
and gait, and behavior." — R. W. Emerson. 



ENGLISH 51 

THE NOUN — POSSESSIVE CASE 

1. The man's hat. The hat of the man. 

2. America's exports. The exports of America. 

3. Franklin's wisdom. The wisdom of Franklin. 

Does '' The man's hat " express the same thing as 
" The hat of the man " ? What do we call the group of 
words " of the man " ? 

"America's exports " is the same as what ? How is the 
change made ? 

" Franklin's wisdom " is equivalent to what ? 

We see that a possessive noun is equivalent to a phrase 
introduced by the word "of." 

Rewrite the following possessive nouns, using an equiv- 
alent phrase in place of each possessive noun : — 

1. England's history. 7. The ship's sail. 

2. Lincoln's word. 8. Webster's dictionary. 

3. The forest's trees. 9. The nurse's care. 

4. The country's honor. 10. John's character. 

5. The river's bank. 11. The mountain's peak. 

6. Washington's monument. 12. New York's police. 

Rewrite the following, using a possessive noun in place 
of each phrase introduced by "of." 

1. The sound of the piano. 7. The nest of the bird. 

2. The friends of his youth. 8. The situation of the house. 

3. The horse of the doctor. 9. The office of the lawyer. 

4. The wagon of the grocer. 10. The speech of Henry Clay. 

5. The treason of Arnold. 11. The rivers of France. 

6. The gold of California. 12. The books of last year. 

For dictation : — 

" Heaven is not reached by a single bound, 
But we build the ladder by which we rise 
From the lowly earth to the vaulted skies, 
And we mount to its summit round by round." 

— J. G. Holland. 



52 ENGLISH 



REVIEW 



With what kind of a letter do we begin every sentence ? 

What punctuation mark do we put after a declarative 
sentence ? after an interrogative sentence ? after an imper- 
ative sentence? after an exclamatory sentence? 

What are the two parts of a simple sentence? 

What is the difference between the subject of a sentence 
and the predicate of a sentence? 

WoEDS OF Like Soukd 

guilt, crime hole, an opening 

gilt, covered with gold whole, entire 

sale, the selling of a thing see, to observe 

sail, to run a boat sea, a body of water 

sow, to plant seed stake, a post 

sew, to join with thread steak, a piece of meat 

steal, to take by theft sun, the heavenly body 

steel, a metal son, a boy 

there, in that place weight, the heaviness of a thing 

their, belonging to them wait, to stay for 

Write the following, supplying any proper words to 
complete the meaning : — 

1. John will go Washington on Monday. 

2. The load is heavy for the horse. 

3. The farmers will wheat next month. 

4. He will the spring. 

5. William drove a in the corner. 

6. These are books. 

7. Mr. Cook will for you till f om- o'clock. 

8. Mr. Robinson was . 

9. The girl will her dress. 



ENGLISH 53 

THE PRONOUN 

A pronoun is used in place of a noun. 

I. A personal pronoun is one that represents a person, 

that is, the speaker, the one spoken to, or the one spoken 

of; as, — 

/ think that you will be successful. 

" I " and " you " are personal pronouns. 

Make sentences containing the following personal pro- 
nouns : /, you^ Jie^ she, it, we, they, them. 

II. A relative pronoun is one that relates to some pre- 
ceding word, and connects its clause with that word ; as, — 

Columbus, who discovered America, was born in Genoa. 

The word " who " is a relative pronoun. It relates to " Co- 
lumbus " and connects its clause, " who discovered Amer- 
ica," with " Columbus." 

Make sentences containing the following relative pro- 
nouns : who, whieh, that. 

III. An interrogative pronoun is one with which a 
question is asked ; as, — 

Who invented the telegraph? 

Make sentences containing the interrogative pronouns : 
who, whieh, what. 

For dictation and study : — 

" The quality of mercy is not strained ; 
It droppeth as the gentle rain from heaven 
Upon the place beneath ; it is twice blessed : 
It blesseth him that gives, and him that takes." 

— William Shakespeare. 



** Hear how the birds on every blooming spray, 
With joyous music wake the dawning day ! " 

— Alexander Pope. 



54 ENGLISH 

TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE VERBS 

1. The policeman caught the thief. 

2. General Grant commanded the army. 

In the first sentence the subject is "policeman." The 
verb is "caught." It asserts something of the subject. 
What does it assert? What did the policeman catch? 
The policeman caught the thief. The word "thief" is 
the object of the verb "caught." 

In the second sentence what is the subject? the verb? 
the object of the verb? 

Those verbs which take an object are transitive verbs; 

as, — 

He read the newspaper. 

A verb that does not take an object is an intransitive 

verb; as, — 

The deer is running. . 

Copy the following sentences, and tell in each case 
whether the verb is transitive or intransitive : — 

1. " A bullet kills a tyrant, but an idea kills tyranny. " 

— G. W. Curtis. 

2. " The hermit good lives in that wood 

Which slopes down to the sea!" — Samuel Coleridge. 

3. " A tear stood in his bright blue eye." — H. W. Longfellow. 

4. The heavens declare the glory of God, and the firmament 
showeth his handiwork. 

5. " The piper advanced and the children followed." 

— Robert Browning. 

Write sentences containing the following verbs, using 
each both transitively and intransitively : — 

write ride sing drive see strike 

advance fly blew read W^V ^^11 

" The world is so full of a number of things, 
I'm sure we should all be as happy as kings." 

— R. L. Stevenson. 



ENGLISH 55 

ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VERBS 

I. In how many ways is each thought expressed in the 
two groups of sentences which follow? 

1. Congress passed the bill. 

The bill was passed by Congress. 

2. Longfellow wrote the poem. 

The poem was written by Longfellow. 

The subject of a transitive verb may be represented as 
acting or as being acted upon. 

When a transitive verb represents its subject as acting, 
the verb is said to be in the active voice ; as, — 

Whitney invented the cotton gin. 

When a transitive verb represents its subject as being 
acted upon, the verb is in the passive voice ; as, — 

The cotton gin was invented by Whitney. 

II. Copy the following sentences, and tell the voice of 
each : — 

1. The silence of the night was broken by a shout. 

2. A canoe was driven upon the beach by a stranger. 

3. The picture attracted his attention immediately. 

4. Longfellow wrote the poem " Evangeline." 

5. The novel " Ivanhoe " was written by Sir Walter Scott. 

Rewrite each of the five sentences, changing the voice 
of the verb from passive to active or from active to passive, 
as the case may be. 

III. Make sentences containing the following verbs, 
and tell whether they are passive or active : — 



build 


promote 


exist 


shine 


govern 


groan 


fade 


determine 


look 


sign 


shout 


hurry 


believe 


invent 


summon 



56 



ENGLISH 



VERBS OFTEN MISUSED 

Lay and Lie 

Lay takes an object and is therefore a transitive verb. 
Lie does not take an object and is therefore an intransi- 
tive verb. Lay means to place, or to put; lie means to 
rest, or to remain. 

^ ^ (Hay the book on the table. 

Present Time <! t., . , r- • v j 

[ ihe sick man lies m bed. 

^ ^ (I laid the book on the table. 

Past Time . . ■{ • ■• -, 

[ The sick man lay m bed. 



Present Time 



Perfect 



( I am laying the book on the table. 
[ The sick man is lying in bed. 

1 1 have laid the book on the table. 
' I The sick man has lain in bed. 



Copy the following sentences, filling the blanks with 
the proper form of lay or lie: — 

1. John abed yesterday till eight o'clock. 

2. your ruler on your desk. 

3. The enemy have in ambush two days. 

4. They will the corner stone to-morrow. 

5. I prefer to my money away for a rainy day. 

6. William is the carpet in the front room. 

7. The hen has two eggs. 

8. The farm has idle a long time. 

Learn to spell the following words and use them in 
sentences : — 



eight 


fourteen 


perform 


merchant 


generous 


eleven 


morning 


interesting 


vegetable 


honest 


thirteen 


evening 


important 


secret 


minute 


potato 


yesterday 


fountain 


emperor 


railroad 


teaspoon 


beautiful 


delicate 


behavior 


report 


balcony 


examine 


foundation 


explosion 


offering 



ENGLISH 51 



VERBS OFTEN MISUSED 

Sit and Set 

f The old man sits in the armchair. 
Present ^ -^ ,, ^^ , , 

[ Mary sefe the table. 

f The old man is sitting in the armchair. 

[ Mary is setting the table. 

, The old man sa^ in the armchair. 

set the table. 



fTheo 
I Mary 
[ The old man has sat in the armchair. 



\ Mary has set the table. 

Sit is an intransitive verb. It does not take an object. 
It means to take a seat, to remain seated. 

Set is a transitive verb. It takes an object. It means 
to put something in position. 

Rewrite the following sentences, filling in the blanks 
with the proper forms of sit and set : — 

1. Last night an owl in the tree by my window. 

2. A hen is on a nest in the barn. 

3. The gardener has out some strawberry plants. 

4. The doctor the man's arm. 

5. They have under the tree all day. 

6. He down on the bench by the door. 

For dictation ; — 

"A slender acquaintance with the world must convince every man 
that actions, not words, are the true criterion of the attachment of 
friends; and that the most liberal professions of good will are very 
far from being the surest marks of it." — George Washington. 

" All-enduring cleanliness, 
Virtue next to godliness, 
Easiest, cheapest, needful'st duty, 
To the body, health, and beauty ; 
Who that's human would refuse it, 
When a little water does it ? " 

— Charles and Mary Lamb. 



58 ENGLISH 

VERBS OFTEN MISUSED 

I. May and Can 
Mai/ is used to express permission or possibility ; as, — 

1. You may use my book if you will be careful of it. 

2. I may have to go away to-morrow. 

Can is used to denote power or ability to do a thing ; 

as, — 

He can speak German easily. 

Copy the following sentences, using mai/ or can in the 
blank spaces : — 

1. John become famous. 

2. His horse go fast enough. 

3. You take my bicycle, if you will bring it back in time. 

4. When you have finished your work you go home. 

II. Think, Guess, Expect 

To think is to reason ; as, — 

I think he is dishonest. 

To guess is to form an opinion at random ; as, — 

Frank has guessed the answer to the riddle. 

To expect means to look forward to ; as, — 

I expect to meet my brother to-morrow morning. 

Rewrite the following sentences, filling the blank spaces 
with the proper words : — 

1. what I found in the attic. 

2. Do you a large number of your friends ? 

3. Do you there will be many at the lecture? 

4. He wants to it over. 

5. He to be promoted next January. 

6. I can't what there is in that bundle. 

7. Do you Abraham Lincoln would do that ? 



ENGLISH 69 

VERBS OFTEN MISUSED 
I. Stop and Stay 

Stop means to cease moving ; as, — 

The carriage stopped before the house. 
Stay means to remain in one place ; as, — 
He stayed in England a year. 

Rewrite the following sentences, filling the blanks with 
the proper form of stop or stay : — 

1. The army to drink at the river. 

2. What hotel did you at? 

3. Mr. Gray will at our house. 

4. My father and mother are at the seashore. 

5. Please ask the conductor to the car. 

6. The army in camp during the winter. 

II. Teach and Leaen 

Teach means to show how, to give instruction ; as, — 
The sergeant taught him the manual of arms. 

Learn means to gain knowledge, to receive instruction ; 

as, — 

He learned how to make a rope. 

Rewrite the following sentences, filling the blanks with 
the proper form of teach or learn : — 

1. The schoolmaster the boy to read. 

2. It is difficult to to speak French. 

3. He should be to control his temper. 

4. Take my yoke upon you and of me. 

5. Will you me how to sail a boat ? 

6. Every one should be politeness. 

Make three sentences containing the word learn. 
Make three sentences containing the word teach. 



60 ENGLISH 

VERBS OFTEN MISUSED 

Shall and Will 

Care should be taken to use shall and will correctly. 

Many people frequently use one when they ought to use 

the other. 

1. I will go. I shall go. 

Here will shows that it is my wish, my intention, to go. 
Here shall indicates a mere statement of fact. 
2. You, he, or she, will find him at work. 
Here will indicates a mere statement of fact. 
You, he, or she, shall find him at work. 

Here shall indicates a promise or a threat. 

When /or we is the subject, shall merely indicates the 
statement of a fact, while will involves a threat or a 
promise. When you, he, she, or it is the subject, shall 
involves a threat or a promise, while will merely indicates 
the statement of a fact. 

Rewrite the following sentences, filling the blanks with 
the proper words (shall or wilV) : — 

1. I go to the city to-morrow, because I have made an 

engagement with my brother. 

2. I pay my debts, no matter how hard I may be obliged to 

work. 

3. We retaliate, if injured. 

4. You give us back our property. 

5. My employer raise my salary. 

6. He do his duty by us, or we punish him. 

7. It be a cold day to-morrow. 

8. she keep her promise ? 

9. we go driving this afternoon? 

10. We be there to meet you. 

11. I entertain my friends on my birthday. 



ENGLISH 61 

KINDS OF ADJECTIVES 

" The riches of the Commonwealth 
Are free, strong minds, and hearts of health; 
And more to her than gold or grain, 
The cunning hand and cultured brain." — J. G. Whittier. 

In the sentence above, the words "free," "strong," 
"cunning," and "cultured" are adjectives. Each adjec- 
tive modifies a noun. What does " free " modify ? 
" strong " ? " cunning " ? " cultured " ? 

I. Descriptive adjectives describe or qualify a noun. 
" Free " and " strong " are descriptive adjectives. 

Write sentences containing the following descriptive 
adjectives : — 

ancient solemn blazing strange last 

distant earnest honorable generous religious 

II. Some adjectives limit the meanings of nouns. 
Write sentences containing the following limiting 

adjectives : — 

fifteenth twelve each every any- 

few this that these twentieth 

III. Proper adjectives are formed from proper names. 
They begin with capital letters. 

Write the following proper adjectives in sentences : — 

American English Spanish Cuban Porto Rican 

Philippine French Hawaiian Japanese Russian 

Pick out the adjectives in the following dictation 
exercise : — 

" Hancock's character was not of ordinary mold. His was a noble 
nature, one that sympathized with all grades of men. His love of 
liberty was enthusiastic, and he expressed it in language bold, elo- 
quent, and convincing." — Freeman Hunt. 



62 ENGLISH 

THE CORRECT USE OF CERTAIN ADJECTIVES 

Rewrite the following sentences, inserting the proper 
word in each blank : — 

I. cunning^ sly^ skillful^ attractive. 

1. He was a little fellow. 

2. The fox is a animal. 

3. The sculptor has a hand. 

4. The girl had a very face. 

Make two sentences containing cunning and two sen- 
tences containing attractive. 

II. dumb, mute ; stupid, slow in learning ; dull, blunt. 

1. He was so that he could not learn to read. 

2. Men should be kind to animals. 

3. The ax was so that he could not cut the tree down. 

4. He was with fright. 

Make two sentences containing dumb, two containing 
stupid, and two containing dull. 

III. mad, insane ; angry, vexed. 

1. The bite of a dog is poisonous. 

2. When reprimanded for his error he became . 

3. He was at the delay. 

Make four sentences containing angry and mad. 

IV. For dictation : — 

"Tyranny is a poor provider. It knows neither how to accumulate 
nor how to extract." — Edmund Burke. 

" The soft blue sky did never melt 
Into his heart ; he never felt 
The witchery of the soft blue sky ! " 

— William Wordsworth. 

Learn to spell and use in sentences : — 

tyranny accumulate neither capacity 

provider extract nor whence 



ENGLISH 63 

WORDS OF LIKE SOUND 

ate, did eat canvas, a hind of cloth 

eight, a number canvass, to solicit 

hire, to employ for pay lessen, to make smaller 

higher, more elevated lesson, a task 

past, beyond principle, rule of action 

passed, went by principal, chief 

quire, twenty four sheets way, passage 

choir, some singers weigh, to find the weight of 

wrap, to cover wrung, twisted 

rap, to knock rung, did ring 

Write the following sentences, supplying the proper 
words : — 

1. She herself up in her shawl. 

2. Mr. Green agreed to the books. 

3. He wants to a butcher. 

4. Last Sunday the sang beautifully. 

5. William has the bell. 

6. The grocer will the tea. 

7. It was four o'clock when he by. 

8. He his dinner in silence. 

9. You have prepared your well to-day. 

10. He was the man of the town. 

Make sentences of your own for each of the above 
twenty words. 
For dictation : — 

" Pale is the February sky, 

And brief the midday's sunny hours ; 
The wind-swept forest seems to sigh 
For the sweet time of leaves and flowers." 

— W. C. Bryant. 



64 ENGLISH 

THE PHRASE AND THE CLAUSE 

Copy the following sentences and pick out the phrases : — 

1. The war being over, the soldiers came home. 

2. John has no money to lend. 

A phrase is a group of words not containing a verb but 
used as a single modifier. 

The phrases in each of the above sentences may be 
changed to clauses. 

1. When the war was over, the soldiers came home. 

2. John has no money that he can lend. 

Notice that the sentences have exactly the same mean- 
ing as they did before. In each sentence, a phrase has 
been changed into a subordinate clause. 

Copy the following sentences, changing a phrase in 
each into a subordinate clause : — 

1. Approaching the woods, we heard the leaves rustle. 

2. On waking he found himself in a strange room. 

3. Many, conquering their anger, cannot conquer their pride. 

4. The busy man has no time to waste. 

5. The sun is so warm as to melt the snow. 

6. I shall be glad to hear of your recovery. 

7. Pursuing pleasure only, a man loses all. 

8. He decided that he would return and do better. 

For dictation and study : — 

" Breathes there the man with soul so dead 
Who never to himself hath said, 
This is my own, my native land ? " — Scott. 

" Announced by all the trumpets of the sky 
Arrives the snow ; and driving o'er the fields, 
Seems nowhere to alight ; the whited air 
Hides hills and woods, the river and the heaven, 
And veils the farmhouse at the garden's end." 

— R. W. Emerson. 



ENGLISH 65 

LETTERS 

Every letter has four parts : the heading, the salutation, 
the body, and the conclusion. 

I. The heading tells when and where the letter is 
written. 

II. The salutation consists of the opening words of 
greeting. 

III. The body of the letter contains what you wish to 
say to the person to whom the letter is written. 

IV. The conclusion consists of the closing words of 
respect or affection, and the name of the writer. 

1. Write a letter to John Wanamaker, Broadway, New 
York, applying for a position either as clerk, bookkeeper, 
cashgirl, or errand boy. 

2. Imagine that you are away from home. Write a 
telegram consisting of not more than ten words to your 
father or to some friend, saying that you will return 
to-morrow. 

3. Suppose that you have lost your pocketbook. 
Write to some newspaper a letter containing a notice of 
your loss and the promise of a reward to the person who 
returns it. 

4. Write out the names and addresses of two business 
houses as you would write them for the superscription of 
envelopes. Do the same with the names and addresses 
of two of your friends. 

5. Write a letter to your mother, telling her what you 
have done in school to-day. 

6. Write a letter to your teacher, describing care- 
fully some bird you have seen or read about. Write 
so that your teacher will recognize the bird you have 
described. 

ENG. EV. SCH. 5 



66 ENGLISH 

CAPITAL LETTERS 

(Review p. 23) 

1. Adjectives derived from proper names should begin 
with capital letters ; as, Spanish. 

2. Titles, when applied to an individual or used as a 
part of a name, should begin with capital letters ; as, — 

The President of the United States. 

3. The names of the months and the days of the week 
should begin with capital letters ; as, Sunday. 

4. The first word in a direct quotation (see p. 79) 
should begin with a capital letter ; as, — 

John replied, " Honesty counts." 

I. Write sentences containing these common nouus : — 

commander security dignity loyalty decision 

president patriot poverty relief approval 

II. Write sentences containing these proper nouns : — 
Spain Cuba Porto Rico Russia India Germany France 

III. Write sentences containing the following : — 

Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday 

Thursday Friday Saturday January 

February September October August 

April N'ovember December Thursday 

IV. Write sentences containing the following : — 
President Roosevelt Mayor Low Governor Odell 

V. Write two sentences containing direct quotations. 

VI. Correct the following sentences : — 

1. next monday and tuesday the anderson auction company will 
seU the stock of smith brothers of new york city at a public sale. 

2. gen. grant said, " i will fight it out on these lines if it takes all 
summer." 

3. the united states bought the philippine islands from spain. 



ENGLISH 67 

PUNCTUATION 

The Semicolon 

1. The members of a compound sentence, when slightly 
connected or themselves divided by the comma, are sepa- 
rated by the semicolon (;). 

2. Serial phrases or clauses having a common depend- 
ence on something that precedes or follows, are separated 
by semicolons. 

3. The semicolon is used before as, to wit^ thus^ namely. 
Study the use of the semicolon. For dictation : — 

" As for jest, there be certain things which ought to be privileged 
from it; namely, religion, matters of state, great persons, any man's 
present business of importance, any case that deserveth pity." — 
Francis Bacon. 

The Colon 

1. Place the colon (:) between the parts of a sentence 
when the parts themselves are divided by the semicolon. 

2. Place the colon before a quotation or an explanation 
of the preceding part of the sentence. 

" Homer was the greater genius, Vergil, the better artist : in the one 
we most admire the man; in the other, the work." — Alexander Pope. 

Review pp. 6, 23, 37, 38. 

Rewrite the following, punctuating correctly : — 

gratiano then said that he loved the fair nerissa she had promised 
to be his wife, if her lady married bassanio portia asked nerissa if 
this was true nerissa replied, madam, it is so if you approve of it 
portia willingly consented thereupon bassanio said pleasantly, then 
our wedding feast shall be much honored by your marriage, gratiano 
the happiness of these lovers was sadly crossed at this moment by the 
entrance of a messenger he brought a letter from antonio it con- 
tained fearful tidings bassanio read the letter portia feared that it 
was of the death of a friend, he looked so pale when he read it. 



68 ENGLISH 

NOUNS — GENDER 

Gender is that modification of the noun or of the pronoun 
that denotes sex. The masculine gender denotes the male 
sex. The feminine gender denotes the female sex. The 
neuter gender denotes neither sex. 

The masculine gender is distinguished from the femi- 
nine in three ways : — 

I. By a difference in the ending of the words. 

Form the feminine of each of the following masculine 
nouns by adding ess: — 

baron patron host giant 

heir count poet lion 

Learn to use these forms : — 

abbot negro emperor master 

abbess negress empress mistress 

Such words as " author " and " editor " are now used to 
denote persons of either sex. Name five nouns ending in 
er or or that may be applied to either sex. 

II. By different words in the compound names. 
Learn the following forms : — 

Englishman landlord grandfather manservant 

Englishwoman landlady grandmother maidservant 

III. By words wholly different. 
Learn the following forms : — 



bachelor 


monk 


drake 


nephew 


earl 


sir 


maid 


nun 


duck 


niece 


countess 


madam 



The pronoun has three gender forms, — masculine he^ 
feminine sJie^ and neuter it. 

Write in sentences the nouns on this page. 



ENGLISH 69 

ADJECTIVES — COMPARISON 

1. Frank is tall. 

2. Frank is taller than Tom. 

3. Frank is the tallest boy in the school. 

In these sentences we see that the same adjective appears 
in three different forms, — tall., taller^ tallest. 

There is a difference in the meaning' of each sentence. 
In the first sentence we merely say that Frank is tall^ and 
do not compare his tallness with that of any one else. 
This is called the positive degree of comparison. 

In the second sentence we compare Frank's tallness with 
that of Tom and say that he is taller than Tom. This is 
called the comparative degree of comparison. 

In the third sentence we go still farther. We use the 
strongest form we can to express his tallness. We say 
that he is the tallest. This is called the superlative degree 
of comparison. 

Other examples of the comparison of adjectives are : — 

Positive Degree Comparative Degree Superlative Degree 
strong stronger strongest 

quick quicker quickest 

clear clearer clearest 

Write sentences containing the following adjectives 
(1) in the positive degree ; (2) in the comparative degree ; 
(3) in the superlative degree : — 



fast 


high 


merry 


manly 


pure 


large 


short 


noble 


low 


cross 


hungry 


severe 


clumsy 


deep 


quiet 


handsome 



Write in the name of your class a formal note inviting 
your principal to attend some special exercises to be held 
in your classroom. Write the address properly. 



70 



ENGLISH 



REGULAR AND IRREGULAR VERBS 

Tell how the past tenses of the following verbs are 
formed : — 



'reseni 


^ Past 


Perf. Part. 


Present 


Past 


Perf. Part. 


live 


lived 


lived 


see 


saw 


seen 


move 


moved 


moved 


give 


gave 


given 


need 


needed 


needed 


fall 


fell 


fallen 



A verb that forms its past tenses by adding ed or d to 
the present is a regular verb ; as, — 

live lived lived 

A verb that does not form its past tenses by adding ed 
or d to the present is an irregular verb ; as, — 



Point out the verbs in the following sentences, and tell 
which are regular and which irregular : — 

1. The policemen rode on black horses. 

2. I allowed him to try it. 

3. He went to the city to select some horses. 

4. Frank sat down and began to read a book. 

5. Will you tell me why you did it ? 

6. They carried the canoe around the falls. 

7. They have lived in this country many years. 

Learn the principal parts of the following verbs; and 
then write each in a sentence : — 



resent 


Past 


Perf. Part. 


Present 


Past 


Perf. Part 


go 


went 


gone 


draw 


drew 


drawn 


rise 


rose 


risen 


drive 


drove 


driven 


break 


broke 


broken 


eat 


ate 


eaten 


buy 


bought 


bought 


swim 


swam 


swum 


lose 


lost 


lost 


win 


won 


won 


seek 


sought 


sought 


wind 


wound 


wound 


hold 


held 


held 


sting 


stung 


stung 



ENGLISH 



71 



REGULAR AND IRREGULAR VERBS 

How are the past tenses of the following verbs formed ? 

Present Past Perf. Part. 

vex vexed vexed 

sharpen sharpened sharpened 

like liked liked 

The verbs in the first column are regular and those in 
the second column, irregular. 

The principal parts of a verb are the present tense, past 
tense, and perfect participle. From these three parts all 
the tenses of the verb may be found. 



Present 


Past 


Perf. Part. 


fight 


fought 


fought 


see 


saw 


seen 


write 


wrote 


written 



Present 


Past 


Perf. Part. 


Present 


Past 


Perf. Part. 


arise 


arose 


arisen 


begin 


began 


begun 


bend 


bent 


bent 


bind 


bound 


bound 


break 


broke 


broken 


forget 


forgot 


forgotten 


give 


gave 


given 


go 


went 


gone 


come 


came 


come 


do 


did 


done 


drive 


drove 


driven 


lie 


lay 


lain 


see 


saw 


seen 


teach 


taught 


taught 



Use each' of the above fourteen irregular verbs in six 
different sentences, using each verb in its six different 
tenses, — present, past, future, present perfect, past per- 
fect, and future perfect. 

For dictation : — 

" Full knee-deep lies the winter snow, 
And the winter winds are wearily sighing : — 
Toll ye the church bell sad and slow, 
And tread softly and speak low, 
For the old year lies a-dying. 

Old year, you must not die ; 

You came to us so readily. 

You lived with us so steadily, 

Old year, you shall not die." 

— Alfred Tennyson. 



72 ENGLISH 

COMPARISON OF ADVERBS 

An adverb is a word used to modify the meaning of a 
verb, an adjective, or another adverb. 

The soldiers marched slowly. 

Some adverbs may be compared like adjectives and in 
the same ways. 

I. By adding er and est. 



Positive 


Comparative 


Superlative 


fast 


faster 


fastest 


late 


later 


latest 



II. By the use of the adverbs more and most and less 
and least. 

Positive Comparative Superlative 

carefully more carefully most carefully 

hopefully more hopefully most hopefully 

critically less critically least critically 

III. A few adverbs are compared irregularly. 

Positive Comparative Superlative 

much more most 

little less least 

bad worse worst 

well better best 

far farther farthest 

near nearer nearest, next 

Write each of the following adverbs in three sentences, 
using it in its three forms : — 



distinctly 


long 


silently 


much 


soon 


well 


far 


carefully 


bad 


hatefully 


loudly 


slowly 


truly 


cheaply 


little 


swiftly 


often 


solemnly 


quickly 


early 


scornfully 


surely 


painfully 


late 


near 



ENGLISH 73 

THE ARTICLE 

The adjectives the^ an\ and a are called articles. The 
is called the definite article because it points out some 
particular thing, things, or class of things ; as, — 

The soldiers were victorious in battle. 

An or a is called the indefinite article, because it points 
out any one of a class ; as, — 

A dog is an intelligent animal. 

An and a have the same meaning. Yet there is a differ- 
ence in their use. A71 is used before a word beginning 
with a vowel sound, ^, g, z, 0, or u. A is used before a 
word beginning with a consonant sound. 

Write the following sentences, supplying the proper 
form of the indefinite article : — 

1. Agriculture is honorable vocation. 

2. Rip v^as universal favorite in the town. 

3. Agassiz was authority on animal life. 

4. The regiment consisted of thousand men. 

THE INTERJECTION 

Hush ! I think I hear some one coming. 

In this sentence, " hush " has no grammatical connection 
with the other words. ''Hush" is an interjection. An 
interjection is a word used to show sudden or intense 
feeling. 

Write sentences containing the following interjec- 
tions : — 



whew 


hurrah 


pshaw 


fudge 


alas 


alas 


hark 


ho 


ah 


heigh-ho 



74 ENGLISH 

THE PREPOSITION 

In the following sentences, point out the words that 
join nouns or pronouns to other words : — 

1. They walked up the street. 

2. The clock in the steeple struck five. 

3. 'No one spoke to her. 

A word used with a noun or a pronoun to show its rela- 
tion to some other word in the sentence is called a prepo- 
sition; as, — 

The kite fell to the ground. 

In this sentence, the preposition ''to" shows the relation 
of the noun "ground" to the verb "fell." A preposition 
usually connects a noun to — 

(1) A verb ; as, " He lived near the river." 

(2) An adjective; as, " They are ready for battle." 

(3) A noun ; as, " The woman carried a bundle of 
sticks." 

Mention the prepositions in the following sentences, 
and tell between what words each shows a relation : — 

1. A pretty little girl sat under a tree. 

2. At noon we shall have our lunch. 

3. They were eager for the contest. 

4. It is interesting to study the habits of the birds. 

5. We stepped into the boat. 

6. I see the lights of the village in the distance. 

I. Write five sentences, each containing a preposition 
expressing a relation between a noun and a verb. 

II. Write five sentences, each containing a preposition 
expressing the relation between two nouns. 

III. Write three sentences, each containing a preposi- 
tion expressing a relation between an adjective and a noun. 



ENGLISH 



75 



THE PREPOSITION 
Certain words and phrases are followed by special 



prepositions : — 

Correspond with (a person) 
Correspond to (a thing) 
Need of 
Different from 
Taste for 
Matter with 
Prevent from 
Comply with 



Agree to (a thing proposed) 
Agree with (a person) 
Accuse of 
Complain of 
Deprive of 
Opposition to 
Angry with 
Similar to 



Copy the following sentences, filling the blanks with 
suitable prepositions : — 

1. I should like to correspond you about it. 

2. Is my book different yours ? No, it is similar it. 

3. Will you agree this proposal ? 

4. How can we prevent him being elected ? 

5. She feels the need rest. 

6. Every one should have a taste good literature. 

7. We must comply the regulations of the club. 

8. The citizen must not be deprived his rights. 

9. The stranger was accused the theft. 

10. His opposition the bill prevented its passage. 

11. What is the matter the dog? 

12. I am sorry that you do not agree me. 

13. We should not complain our fortunes. 

14. He was very angry them for it. 

Write sentences of your own, using each of the following 
prepositions in a sentence : — 



after 


on 


around 


over 


from 


at 


with 


beneath 


until 


near 


by 


above 


between 


without 


up 


for 


against 


beyond 


during 


down 


of 


among 


toward 


except 


into 


in 


to 


before 


below 


beside 



76 ENGLISH 

THE CONJUNCTION 

The conjunction connects words, phrases, clauses, and 
sentences. It is not like the preposition, which always 
connects a noun or a pronoun with the word to which it 
relates. A conjunction does not express any idea of its 
own, but helps to make clear the connection between ideas 
expressed by other words. Its use may be seen in the 
following sentences : — 

Have you seen Frank and Tom this morning? 

Is New Yoi-k or Philadelphia the larger city ? 

I should like to buy the horse, hut I have not got the money. 

I will go with you ifl can. 

The men struck because they had not been paid. 

The thief snatched the money and ran away. 

The italicized words in these sentences are conjunctions. 
They are all alike in one respect — they are connectives. 
Conjunctions connect words or groups of words. 
Make sentences containing : — 

1. Two nouns connected by and; by or. 

2. A noun and a pronoun connected by and ; by or. 

3. Two adjectives connected by and ; by or, 

4. Two adverbs connected by and ; by or, 

5. Two verbs connected by and ; by or. 

6. Neither nor, connecting nouns. 

7. Neither nor, connecting pronouns. 

8. Neither nor, connecting adjectives. 

9. Neither nor, connecting adverbs. 

10. Neither nor, connecting verbs. 

11-15. Either or, used like neither nor, in 6-10. 

Write sentences showing in connection with what ani- 
mals each of the following terms is used : — 

herd covey school brace 

flock . community drove brood 

swarm bevy pack flight 



ENGLISH 77 

THE PRONOUN — NOMINATIVE AND OBJEC- 
TIVE CASES 

/ am. your son. He will help. 

We are Americans. She is sewing. 

It is a fine day. lliey will be here soon. 

A pronoun that is the subject of a verb is in the nomina- 
tive case. In the sentences above, the pronouns J, we^ it^ 
Ae, s/ig, and they are the subjects of verbs and are in the 
nominative case. 

He struck me. I see her. 

The laws protect you. The man praised us. 

I will teach him. Can you see them 1 

A pronoun that is the object of a verb or of a preposi- 
tion is in the objective case. In the sentences above, the 
pronouns me^ you., Mm., her^ us, and them are all objects of 
verbs and are in the objective case. 

Nominative Objective Nominative Objective 
I me she her 

thou thee it it 

you you we us 

he him they them 

Rewrite the following sentences, filling in the blank 
spaces with suitable pronouns : — 

1. Mr. Smith will give the money to and . 

2. will bring their books to the meeting. 

3. If you will give five cents, they will take picture. 

4. gave his money to the poor. 

5. He became angTy and said that would not do it even if 

every one were against . 

6. , who am your chief, command . 

7. Did find the knife which was lost ? 

8. saw him as passed by my door. 

9. bought herself a new dress. 

10. The dog saw the men and chased away. 



78 ENGLISH 

COMMON ERRORS IN SPEAKING 

When we listen carefully to those speaking to us, we 
frequently notice certain errors of speech. Indeed, we 
may find some of these errors in our own language, if 
we watch carefully what we ourselves say. These errors 
may be easily corrected, and the proper expressions may 
be put in their places if only a little care is taken. The 
following are a few of the more common errors that are 
especially to be avoided. The correct form is given in 
the left-hand column, while the incorrect form, which un- 
fortunately is heard so often, is given in the right-hand 
column. 

Correct Incorrect 

He doesn't. He don't. 

I am not going. I ain't going. 

We are not going. "We ain't going. 

I saw him do it. I seen him do it. 

I did it myself. I done it myself. 

He and I went home. Him and I went home. 

Whom did you see ? Who did you see ? 

When I met him, he said Hooked When I met him, he says I looked 

well. well. 

Rewrite the following sentences, filling the blanks with 
suitable words : — 

1. T the thief running down a side street. 

2. do you see? 

3. I waiting for any one. 

4. He know what to do about it. 

5. I the work myself. 

6. and I came out of the meeting together. 

7. We looking for anything in particular. 

8. He that he the soldiers marching down the street. 

9. With were you walking? 

10. and went to Albany yesterday. 



ENGLISH 79 

QUOTATIONS 

In a direct quotation, the words of another are repeated 
exactly as he wrote or spoke them. Direct quotations are 
usually indicated by being inclosed in quotation marks. 
They always begin with a capital letter ; as, — 

He said, " There is no danger." 

My friend writes, " I shall return home this winter.'* 

" I must hurry if I am to be on time," said the boy. 

In an indirect quotation, the words of another are 
repeated in a slightly different form. The direct quota- 
tions above may be changed to indirect quotations ; as, — 

He said that there was no danger. 

My friend writes that he will return home this winter. 

The boy said that he must hurry. 

Indirect quotations begin with a small letter. They 
have no quotation marks. 

Change the following direct quotations to indirect quota- 
tions : — 

1. The gardener said, " This tree is too old to bear fruit." 

2. She said, " The United States bought Louisiana from France." 

3. My cousin wrote, " You must visit the pyramids." 

4. William said, " I am stronger than you are." 

5. The fox thought, " The goose is fat and tender." 

6. His mother said, " Finish your lessons before you go out." 

Change the following indirect quotations to direct 
quotations : — 

1. The landlord told his tenant that he must pay the rent. 

2. The captain told his soldiers to follow him as fast as they could. 

3. His employer told him that if he worked well his salary would 
be increased. 

4. Mr. Smith thought that the house would make a very profitable 
investment. 



80 ENGLISH 

DESCRIPTION 

A description of a thing gives its appearance and its 
qualities. A description is a picture made by means of 
language. What picture do you get from the following 
description ? 

" Fifteen-year-old Jo was very tall, thin, and brown, and reminded 
one of a colt ; for she never seemed to know what to do with her long 
limbs, which were very much in her way. She had a decided mouth, 
a comical nose, and sharp gray eyes, which appeared to see everything, 
and were by turns fierce, funny, or thoughtful. Her long, thick hair 
was her one beauty ; but it was usually bundled into a net to be out 
of her way. Round shoulders had Jo, big hands and feet, a fly-away 
look to her clothes, and the uncomfortable appearance of a girl who 
was rapidly shooting up into a woman and didn't like it." 

From "Little Women," by Louisa M. Alcott. Little, Brown & 
Company. 

Have you now a pretty good idea of what kind of girl 
Jo was ? What points does Miss Alcott mention in giving 
a description of Jo ? When we write a description of a 
thing, we must first carefully select the point about which 
we will write. 

1. Make a list of the points you would write about in 
describing the outside of the house in which you live ; 
the view from your room window; a trolley car; a city 
square ; a horse. 

2. Bring to the class descriptions found in your reading 
of a person ; a place ; an object. 

3. Write descriptions of several different members of 
your family. 

4. Describe a scene in a factory. 

5. Describe a crowded city street. 

6. Describe a quiet scene in the country. 



ENGLISH 81 

EXPOSITION 

By exposition, we mean explanation. To write an expo- 
sition of the steam engine is to explain the steam engine ; 
that is, to tell how it is constructed, the principle on which 
it works, and the way it is operated. In short, we must 
make everything about the engine perfectly plain, so that 
any one who may read what we have written will under- 
stand it thoroughly. 

1. Explain what is meant by the statement, "Evil to 
him who evil thinks." 

2. Explain how the game of baseball is played. 

3. Explain the method of voting at the polls. 

4. Explain to a foreigner what is meant by the term, 
"North American Indian." 

5. Explain to an Englishman what the Democratic 
(or Republican) Party is. 

6. Suppose a friend of yours who has never been to a 
football game should ask you to tell him what a touch- 
down is. Explain it to him. 

7. Tell what is meant by each of the following sen- 
tences : — 

To be prepared for war is one of the effectual means of preserving 
peace. 

People who live in glass houses should not throw stones. 

Blessings are upon the head of the just ; but righteousness deliver- 
eth from death. 

8. If you have a camera, explain how a picture is 
made, so that a person who has never taken a picture 
may understand the process. Write out your explana- 
tion. Now suppose that a friend of yours has just bought 
a camera exactly like your own. Carefully explain its 
use to him. 

ENG. EV. SCH. — 6 



82 ENGLISH 

NARRATION 

By narration, we mean story-telling. The word " story " 
is a short form of the word " history." To tell a series of 
connected events so that the reader will have a true idea 
of them is not an easy matter, whether it be concerning 
the life of a nation covering hundreds of years or the facts 
attending a runaway accident. 

1. Write an account of some bird that nests in your 
locality. Tell whether the bird is there all the year or 
not. Tell the time of nesting and what sort of a nest the 
bird makes. Describe the young birds, and mention any 
other facts you happen to know. 

2. Write a story suggested by the words, " They all 
tumbled into the water." 

3. Imagine a group of members of the Salvation Army 
on the corner of a crowded street. Tell what they do, 
how the crowd gathers round them, what is said, how the 
people are affected, how at last they march off down the 
street. 

4. Some boys go in swimming from a wharf. A police- 
man stands on the wharf near their clothes, waiting for 
them to come out. Write the story suggested by these 
facts. 

5. Tell the story of the auction of a house. Tell why 
the house was sold, who the auctioneer was, what kind of 
people were there, who the highest bidder was. 

6. Write a brief account of an exciting event on the 
school grounds or on the street, using fictitious names. 
Then tell what led up to it and what followed it. 
Look over what you have written, and rearrange it 
according to the order in which the various events took 
place. 



^ ENGLISH 83 

ARGUMENTATION 

By argumentation, we prove that any given statement 
is either true or false. An argument is a series of facts 
brought forth to prove some other fact. For example, 
the fact that George Washington succeeded in defeating 
the British may be brought forth to prove the fact that 
George Washington was an able commander. 

Arguments are of three kinds : — 

I. Cause and effect. The fact that a man's past life 
furnishes a record of dishonesty is proof that he is not to 
be trusted. 

II. Signs. Blood stains upon the clothing of a man 
accused of murder are signs of his guilt. 

III. Examples. The power of examples as proofs is 
to be found in the principle that what has once happened 
under certain conditions will happen again under the same 
conditions. 

Write a proof of the following proposition : — 

Chinamen should not be admitted to this Qountry. 

First define the terms of the proposition. Then think 
of all the reasons you can, whether arguments from cause 
to effect, signs, or examples. Arrange them in that order 
in which you wish to write about them. Write a para- 
graph on each reason. For your conclusion write a sum- 
mary of the whole. 

Additional propositions for proof : — 

A man who cannot read and write English should not be allowed 
to vote. 

The practice of betting is wrong. 

Boating is a dangerous pleasure. 

Every boy should have a high school education. 

It is a good habit to deposit money in the savings bank. 



84 ENGLISH 



LETTERS 



1. You have read a certain book, but do not remember 
the name of it. The author's name, however, you do re- 
member. Write to Marshall Field & Co., Chicago, 111., 
asking them to tell you what the title of the book is. Of 
course, you must give in your letter such a description 
of the book that they will know what it is. 

2. Write a brief item for a local paper, announcing a 
lecture to be given for the benefit of the school library 
fund. Tell who the lecturer is and what the title of his 
lecture is. State the date and the place. Invite every 
one to come. 

3. Write a letter to a friend of yours in South Amer- 
ica. Suppose that he has never seen any snow. Tell 
him about it, how cold it has to be before there will be 
a snowstorm, the appearance after the storm, the pleas- 
ures that are to be enjoyed from it, such as coasting and 
tobogganing, and any things that you think might interest 
him. 

4. Write a formal letter, inviting your friends to spend 
the evening at your home for the purpose of meeting your 
sister who is visiting you. 

5. Write a letter to Gimbel Brothers, Philadelphia, Pa., 
applying for a position as clerk in their department store. 
Tell what positions you have occupied and what quali- 
fications you possess that fit you for the work. Give 
references. 

6. Write a letter to the Board of Education, New York 
City, N.Y., applying for a position as stenographer. 

7. Write a letter, inclosing 14 to Harper & Bros., 
Franklin Square, New York City, for a subscription for 
one year to Harper s Monthly. 



ENGLISH 85 

VERSIFICATION 

The purpose of poetry is much the same as that of 
music and painting. It deals with the beautiful. 

Poetry is so written that in reading it aloud it requires 
a strong impulse of voice followed by a weak impulse, or 
a weak impulse followed by a strong one. This requires 
two or more syllables. Such a group of syllables is called 
a foot. The succession of strong and weak impulses of 
the voice constitutes rhythm. The foot may have two 
syllables, or it may have three. The trochaic foot is one 
in which there are two syllables, with the accent on the 

first syllable. 

Z- \j /- \j Z^ \j 

We are | blushiDg | roses 

Z. \j Z \j /- \j 

Bending | with our | fullness. 

The iambic foot also has two syllables, but the accent 
comes on the last syllable. 

\J Z KJ Z \J Z. \J Z- \J Z. 

Thy soul I was like | a star | and dwelt | apart. 

The dactylic foot has three syllables, the first syllable 
being accented and the last two unaccented. 

Z ^ KJ ZL \J KJ 

Touch her not | scornfully. 

Tell what kind of feet the following lines are made 
up of : — 

" Speak clearly, if you speak at all ; 
Carve every word before you let it fall." — Selected. 

" Lives of great men all remind us 
We can make our lives sublime." — H. W. Longfellow. 

"Alone, and warming his five wits, 
The white owl in the belfry sits." — Alfred Tennyson. 



86 ENGLISH 

THE POSITION OF MODIFIERS IN THE 
SENTENCE 

By putting the modifiers in a sentence in the wrong 
positions, a wrong idea is often given. 

" Lost : an umbrella by a gentleman with a carved head." 

Obviously, the umbrella has the carved head, not the 
gentleman. This error consists in putting the modifier, 
"with a carved head," in the wrong position in the sen- 
tence. This modifier should be put after the word it 
modifies ; namely, umbrella. The notice would then 
read : — 

"Lost : by a gentleman, an umbrella with a carved head." 

Put modifiers near the words they modify. 
The order of the words in the following sentences is 
incorrect. Rewrite them, making the proper changes ; — 

1. I hardly ever remember to have seen such a large ship. 

2. After a short time William set out with his friend, and they 
finished the work he had begun in about ten minutes. 

3. Wanted : a man to take care of a garden that does not stay 
out late at night. 

4. The aquatic animals have no internal skeleton known as the 
Crustacea. 

5. He never remembers to have done it. 

6. Last night I saw a great number of men go by sitting on my 
front porch. 

7. Mr. Johnstone rode a very fast horse when sixty years old. 

8. For sale : a piano by a man with excellent tone who wishes to 
sell cheap. 

9. He said in five minutes that he would prepare everything that 
was needed for setting out. 

10. He said at twelve o'clock that he would be here, but that hour 
has passed. 

11. James only said that he would be gone five minutes. 



ENGLISH 87 

THE CHOICE OF WORDS 

1. The capacity of William's memory is very small. 
Frank's ability in the use of figures is very great. 

What is the difference between capacity and ability f 

2. His acceptance of my invitation was written beautifully. 
That is not .the ordinary acceptation of the word. 

How do acceptance and acceptation differ ? 

3. They retreated before the advance of the English army. 
His honesty was rewarded by advancement. 

How do advance and advanceinent differ ? 

4. The balance of the sum must be paid to-morrow. 
I shall be away during the remainder of the day. 

How do balance and remainder differ ? 

5. His reputation in the community is excellent. 
His deeds show that he has a strong character. 

How do reputation and character differ ? 

6. The counsel for the defense made an objection. 
The council consisted of twenty-five men. 

How do counsel and council differ ? 

7. The blow affected his mind. 

They effected a union of the two parties. 

How do affected and effected differ ? 

8. The grocer gave me a receipt for the money. 
What is the recipe for this cake? 

How do the words receipt and recipe differ ? 

Write sentences containing the following words : — 

capacity advance reputation affected 

ability advancement character effected 

acceptance balance counsel receipt 

acceptation remainder council recipe 



88 ENGLISH 

SENTENCE ORDER 

The usual order of the sentence is, first, the subject 
together with its modifiers and, secondly, the verb together 
with its modifiers. The inverted order is that in which 
some or all of the modifiers of the verb come before the 
subject. 

Compare the following sentences : — 

INVERTED ORDER USUAL ORDER 

Sacrifice and offering thou Thou didst not desire 

didst not desire ; mine ears sacrifice and offering ; thou 

hast thou opened ; burnt hast opened mine ears ; thou 

offering and sin offering hast not required burnt 

hast thou not required. offering and sin offering. 

More to be desired are They are more to be 

they than gold, yea, than desired than gold, yea, than 

much fine gold. much fine gold. 

Arrange the following sentences in the usual order : — 

1. Flashed all their sabers bare. 

2. Wide is the gate and broad is the way. 

3. As smoke is driven away, so drive them away ; as wax melteth 
before the fire, so let the wicked perish at the presence of God. 

4. As far as the east is from the west, so far hath he removed our 
transgressions from us. 

5. As a flower of the field, so he flourisheth. 

6. Blessed is he that cometh in the name of the Lord. 

7. Blessed are they that dwell in thy house. 

8. Moreover by them is thy servant warned. 

For dictation : — 

" We sit in the warm shade and feel right well 
How the sap creeps up and the blossoms swell ; 
We may shut our eyes, but we cannot help knowing 
That skies are clear and grass is growing." — J. R. Lowell. 



ENGLISH 89 

THE CORRECT USE OF WORDS 

Only those words which are authorized by the best 
writers and speakers should be used. Such words are said 
to be in good use. The italicized words in the following 
sentences are not used correctly. After studying each 
sentence carefully, rewrite it, replacing the italicized word 
by a word or a phrase which is in good use. Good writers 
constantly study the uses and meaning of words. 

1. He bought that suit of clothes on tick. 

2. OuY folks have gone visiting. 

3. This cloth is of extra quality. 

4. He disremembers ever having seen the man. 

5. I guess that he will not succeed. 

6. The house on the hill was burglarized last night. 

7. The man broke into the bank and made a big steal. 

8. He will give his pile to charitable institutions. 

9. There were three typewritists in the room. 

10. Don't get rattled when your turn comes. 

11. The society is preparing for an issuance of its theory. 

12. He donated all his wealth to di. female college. 

13. He said that the scheme was too thin. 

14. His pants are too short for his build. 

15. This party told me that he would not do it under any considera- 
tion whatever. 

16. He belonged to another persuasion. 

17. The train will leave before we can make the depot. 

18. The general will orate at the proper time. 

19. His friends were anxious for his repute. 

20. After a long life of great trouble he suicided. 

21. His death transpired on the following day. 

For dictation : — 

" His terrible fate was upon him in an instant. One moment he 
stood erect, strong, confident in the years stretching out peacefully 
before him. The next he lay wounded, bleeding, helpless, doomed 
to weary weeks of torture, to silence, and the grave." — James G. 
Blaine. 



90 ENGLISH 

THE CORRECT USE OF WORDS 

Many new words come into fashion through the news- 
papers and through popular invention. Some of these are 
adopted by writers, but most of them are not considered 
good usage. Many words are provincialisms, and have 
only a local currency. In common speech, there is often 
a good deal of *' slang," most of which lasts a very brief 
time. Finally some words are misused. 

Rewrite the following sentences with a view to what has 
been said. The italicized words are not in good use. 

1. It was hard lines for him to go and break his leg. 

2. This machine is noiuhere near so good as the agent said it was. 

3. Though that part of the country is very sightly, the water is not 
healthy. 

4. He yvsiS furious at being so sat upon. 

5. I reckon that the crops this fall will be right good. 

6. I never saw such a quantity of sheep before. 

7. His bad treatment has been so unexceptionable that no one can 
blame him for being on his ear about it. 

8. Immediately the clock struck six, he put away his tools and 
started off. 

9. He made the business a great success by the way in which he 
financed the company's affairs. 

10. The superintendent must overlook everything in the mill. 

11. He had to walk quite a piece before he found his watch. 

12. I guess that he will be sorry for misconduct. 

1. hard luck, to break 2. not nearly 3. beautiful, healthful 

4. angry, rebuked 5. think, very good 6. number 

7. extraordinary, annoyed 8. as soon as 

9. managed the financial interests of the company 

10. oversee 11. a long way 12. think 

For dictation : — 

" How far that little candle throws his beams. 
So shines a good deed in a naughty world ! " 

— William Shakespeare. 



ENGLISH 91 

ACCURACY OF EXPRESSION 

In writing we should be careful to use those words 
which fit our ideas exactly. The careless writer or 
speaker often uses words that are too strong or too weak 
to fit the idea. Words that convey more than one mean- 
ing should never be used. Great care should be taken to 
use each word grammatically. 

In the following sentences the italicized words are used 
inaccurately. Rewrite the sentences, using words that fit 
the thought more exactly. 

1. He listened to the conversation about him with great interest. 

2. The shooting of the governor was very unskillful. 

3. Unless you are more discreet, you will he martyrized for your 
opinions. 

4. There were three alternatives, either one of which he could have 
taken. 

5. The veracity of the account is certain, though the truth of the 
man who gave it has often been questioned. 

6. There were any a7nount of men running through the streets. 

7. He has been stopping with his relatives. 

8. My uncle must have quite some money by this time. 

9. Where shall I be liable to get this check cashed ? 

10. I expect you have had an awful nice time. 

11. He has no sympathy with the Armenians. 

12. That a man demeans himself by making friends with the poor, 
is untrue. 

13. There was a large number of invites to the wedding. 

Combine the following pairs of sentences : — 

1. My copy of Shakespeare is in ten volumes. 
I like to read them very much. 

2. Napoleon was a great conqueror. 
Napoleon was defeated at Waterloo. 

3. The people of these islands are very savage. 

The people of these islands live chiefly on raw fish. 



92 ENGLISH 

GOOD TASTE IN WRITING AND SPEAKING 

We must be careful not to use strange or high-sounding 
words in treating of an ordinary subject or idea. The 
simplest words are always the best, provided they give 
clearly the desired idea. For instance, we must not call 
a house on fire a conflagration. 

All pet words and phrases should be avoided. We 
must not speak of the young people as the rising genera- 
tion. This phrase and many similar to it have been used 
so much that they have become tiresome and in many 
cases meaningless. 

Rewrite the following sentences, giving heed to what 
has been said : — 

1. The unprecedented heat necessitated a change in the programme. 

2. I shall be very pleased to render you any service I can. 

3. A new school building has been inaugurated in our district. 

4. He dragged his nether extremities slowly over the ground. 

5. An immense concourse of people assembled to see the game. 

6. The furnishing of the room was extraordinarily luxuriant. 

7. Without I am very much in error he is the smartest man in the 
lot. 

8. I guess I have as much gumption as any party here. 

9. We sounded him 3ls Jine as we could to find out what his particu- 
larities were. 

10. The conflagration was in a little shanty on the hill back of Mr. 
Smith's palatial residence. 

11. He was so extraordinarily wonderful that he could balance him- 
self on the tight rope for half an hour at a time. 

12. There is nothing slow about him. 

Write a description of the post office in your town. 

1. General appearance — situation, size, material, and style of 
architecture. 

2. Interior — furnishings, employees. 

3. Describe the arrival and departure of the mails. 



ENGLISH 93 

AGREEMENT 

A plural subject always takes a plural verb ; that is, the 
verb and subject agree in number. We must not let any 
words that are placed between the subject and the verb 
interfere with this agreement. It is incorrect to say, " His 
idea of men and things are right." The subject of this 
sentence is '' idea," not " men and things." Therefore the 
verb should be singular to agree with it. 

Pronouns must agree with their antecedents. It is 
incorrect to say, '' Every one was getting their baggage to- 
gether." " Their " is a plural pronoun and its antecedent, 
" every one," is singular. Hence they do not agree as they 
should. " All were getting their baggage together " is 
correct. 

Correct the following sentences : — 

1. The trunk with its contents were found in the field. 

2. You should be very careful who you trust. 

3. I trust that neither John nor James are dishonest. 

4. Any one may follow their own wishes in this matter. 

5. He is a better man than either you or I are. 

6. He might be caught by any man who found him as a thief. 

7. A regiment of a thousand men were embarking. 

8. White was the house painted on the outside. 

9. Each of us have got to go to the city. 

10. The doors and floor, and even the ceiling is painted. 

11. A committee of twenty-five men have been appointed to inves- 
tigate the matter. 

Write sentences comparing the following objects : — 

1. The tomato and the grape. 

2. The canary and the parrot. 

3. The automobile and the horse. 

4. A tugboat and the ocean steamer. 

5. A rope and a chain. 

6. An apple and an orange. 



94 ENGLISH 

CLEARNESS 

The meaning of a sentence is often obscured by the 
careless use of pronouns. Great care should be taken that 
the person or thing for which a pronoun stands is clearly 
indicated. Otherwise, confusion of ideas is sure to result, 
and the sentence will not convey the proper meaning. 
Such a sentence is, " The gentleman's house who has been 
so kind to us has been burned." It is better to say, " The 
house of the gentleman who has been so kind to us has 
been burned." In the latter sentence the antecedent of 
the pronoun " who " is plainly indicated. 

Correct the following sentences : — 

1. I cannot blame you who am myself disgusted. 

2. This is the man's house who you saw in church this morning. 

3. The boys of the town were expected to aid their fathers when 
their business was so poor that they could not pay their bills. 

4. John ran away from home that was in reality a declaration that 
he could take care of himself. 

5. Mr. Johnson in all his acts of charity showed great magnanim- 
ity, which he believed it was the duty of every man to perform. 

6. The man who I just introduced you to is a member of the firm 
of Smith Brothers that is said to have a very fine residence on the hill. 

7. I hear that the man that stole these jewels that was found 
asleep in the barn has been convicted. 

Change each of the following sentences to the past 
tense : — 

1. The country becomes alarmed, and frequent meetings of the 
people take place. 

2. Returning to his home, he proceeds to make up the fire and 
cook his breakfast. 

3. His faded yellow hair begins to grow thin, and his threadbare 
frock coat hangs limp from sloping shoulders. 

4. I rest awhile, and then give the boat another push, and so on, 
till the water is no higher than my armpits. 



ENGLISH 95 

CLEARNESS 

We must be careful not to omit any words that are 
necessary to the sense. " Just as a man has others, so 
will they treat him," is incorrect ; the sense is incomplete 
because a necessary word is omitted. Say, "Just as a 
man has treated others, so will they treat him." 

Repeat what is necessary to grammatical construdtion. 
We must not say, " He was home " ; but say, " He was at 
home." 

Repeat articles and possessives where it is necessary to 
the sense. " Wanted, a cook and governess," means that 
the same person must be both. " Wanted, a cook and a 
governess," has quite a different meaning. 

Correct the following sentences : — 

1. The very old and the extremely new will neither of them 
serve us. 

2. You will find that many French customs are very different to 
ours. 

3. I don't think as I ever saw a man either so angry nor so self- 
controlled as he at this moment. 

4. I had scarcely seen the party than he came right up and spoke 
to me. What do you think ? 

5. His ideas might and probably will be acceptable to the party. 

6. Getting ready for his journey, I could with difficulty persuade 
him not to work himself to death. 

7. He stood one side the stream while his friend was sinking the 
other. 

8. I will thank him very much if he wiU do his duty like any 
honest man should. 

For dictation : — 

" The boat reappeared, but brother and sister had gone down in an 
embrace, never to be parted, living through again, in one supreme 
moment, the days when they had clasped their little hands in love 
and roamed the daisied fields together." — George Eliot. 



96 ENGLISH 

CORRELATED CLAUSES 

The connectives most frequently used to introduce 
alternatives are : as ... so ; either . . . or ; neither 
. . . nor; indeed . . . hut; so . . . that; as,- — 
Either he is wrong or I am. 

In setting one object over against another we must be 
careful to use the proper words. We say different from, 
not different tha^i; hardly . . . when, not hardly . . . 
than. 

When we use 7iot only . . . hut in a sentence, we must 
be careful to follow each connective by the same part 
of speech. " He gave me not only the book, but also 
lent me his dictionary," is incorrect. We should say, 
" He not only gave me the book, but also lent me his 
dictionary." 

Rewrite the following sentences according to what has 
been said or as your common sense directs you : — 

1. Yoii can neither go by rail or by boat. 

2. He had received a telegram that his father was dying just as he 
was leaving the house to go to the office. 

3. With all his faults of character about him, he was perhaps the 
most famous of any artist of that time. 

4. William takes his sorrow in a very different manner than any- 
body else in his place would. 

5. This is the same story as I read last summer in the country. 

6. The new bank building is the most imposing in the town, and 
of which the townspeople are very proud, as it is the best of any 
building they have ever seen. 

7. He had hardly rung the bell than a large party came, than 
whom he had seen no one bigger. 

For dictation : — 

^' The fountain of beauty is the heart, and every generous thought 
illustrates the walls of your chamber." — R. W. Emerson. 



ENGLISH 97 

THE UNITY OF THE SENTENCE 

We should avoid putting too much in one sentence. 
It frequently happens that writers and speakers get more 
than one idea in a sentence, and thus confuse its meaning. 
A sentence should contain only one idea, and that one 
idea should be expressed as plainly as possible. A sen- 
tence may be quite long and contain several clauses, yet 
when it is finished it should have produced only one 
impression. 

The following sentences contain more than one impres- 
sion. Rewrite each sentence, breaking it up into smaller 
sentences that are units in thought : — 

1. He was a man of the very greatest learning, and when only 
twenty years old he wrote a book on the wild animals of Africa, 
through which he became so famous that scientific societies all over 
the world invited him to give lectures, which latter fact is positive 
proof that he was a man of great genius. 

2. The great ship continued on its passage as fast as it could, but 
when it came into the English Channel such a terrible storm arose 
that it was dashed against the coast and broken into fragments, so 
that only a few of the passengers escaped with their lives to the shore 
in a small boat. 

3. When he was a boy he learned very quickly, and seemed to 
take in all the principles of architecture without the slightest effort, 
and once when he was in Italy he drew from memory the plans of an 
old cathedral which he remembered having seen in an old book in his 
father's library. 

For dictation : — 

" It is undeniable that a person seems temporarily to change his 
nature when he becomes part of an excursion. Whether it is from 
the elation at the purchase of a day of gayety below the market price, 
or the escape from personal responsibility under a conductor, or the 
love of being conspicuous as a part of a sort of organization, the ex- 
cursionist is not on his ordinary behavior." — C. D. Warner. 

ENG. EV. SCH. — 7 



98 ENGLISH 



PUNCTUATION 

We have already seen how the beginning and the end 
of a sentence are marked. The colon is used to show 
expectation of something more to come ; as, — 

There are two questions to be decided : first, how rauch it will 
cost and, secondly, how much time we can spare. 

It is easy to see the use of the colon in this sentence. 

When two or more ideas are so related that they may 
be placed together in one sentence, they should be sepa- 
rated by the semicolon ; as, — 

I thought that the lightning and the black darkness had frightened 
him ; so I said that there was no danger. 

Though this sentence is a unit in that it makes but one 
impression, it is in reality made up of two thoughts. 
These two parts are separated by the semicolon. 

The comma is used to mark those places in a sentence 
where the voice of the reader would naturally pause. A 
series of words or phrases used similarly are separated by 
the comma ; as, — 

In broken procession the many carriages, phaetons, gigs, traps, and 
pony chaises steamed away. 

All phrases loosely connected with the rest of the sen- 
tence are set off by the comma ; as, — 

John, bring me my paper. 

The ship having arrived, we got on board as soon as possible. 
We had to wait, as usual, a very long time for the car. 
Charles Dickens, the great novelist, was an Englishman. 

Rewrite the sentences on the following page, supplying 
the necessary punctuation marks. In doing this be care- 
ful to follow all the directions that you have received. 



ENGLISH 99 

PUNCTUATION 

Punctuate correctly: — 

hooker was of that class of generals who show such capacity as 
lieutenants that they are supposed to be capable of becoming inde- 
pendent chiefs until their true measure is ascertained by actual trial 
in two months he had restored to good shape an army which he had 
found demoralized and depleted and at the end of april he had under 
him about 124500 men he still lay on the north bank of the potomac 
facing lees army in its intrenchments about fredericksburg his plan 
of campaign says general doubleday was simple efficacious and should 
have been successful diverting the attention of lee he threw the chief 
part of his army across the rappahannock several miles above fred- 
ericksburg then marching rapidly to chancellorsville he threatened 
the left flank and rear of the confederates pushing out a short dis- 
tance upon the three roads which led from chancellorsville to fred- 
ericksburg he came to the very edge and brink as it were of beginning 
a great battle with good promise of success but just at this point his 
generals were astounded by orders to draw back to chancellorsville 
was it that he suddenly lost nerve in the crisis of his great responsibil- 
ity or was it possible that he did not appreciate the opportunity which 
he was throwing away. 

there is the national flag he must be cold indeed who can look upon 
its folds rippling in the breeze without pride of country if he be in a 
foreign land the flag is companionship and country itself with all 
its endearments it has been called a floating piece of poetry and yet I 
know not if it have greater beauty than other ensigns its highest 
beauty is in what it symbolizes it is because it represents all that all 
gaze at it with delight and reverence it is a piece of bunting lifted 
in the air but it speaks sublimely and every part has a voice its 
stripes of alternate red and white proclaim the original union of 
thirteen states to maintain the declaration of independence its stars 
of white on a field of blue proclaim that union of states constituting 
our national constellation which receives a new star with every new 
state the two together signify union past and present the very colors 
have a language which was officially recognized by our fathers white 
is for purity red for valor blue for justice and all together bunting 
stars stripes colors blazing in the sky make the flag of our country 
to be cherished by all our hearts to be upheld by all our hands. 



L.ofC. 



100 ENGLISH 

GRAMMATICAL FORMS 

When we compare two objects, we use the comparative 
degree. When we compare one object with several others 
we use the superlative degree. We do not say, '' He is 
the eldest of the two brothers " ; we say, " He is the elder 
of the two brothers." 

We must be careful not to compare that which has no 
degree. Do not say, " This vote was less unanimous than 
that one." 

Great care should be taken that all pronouns are put in 
the right case. It is incorrect to say, " It is better for 
you and J to go." "I" should be changed to "me," be- 
cause it is the object of the preposition " for." We must 
distinguish between the nominative and the objective cases. 

Rewrite the following sentences, making all necessary 
corrections : — 

1. It is the most perfect sunset I have ever seen. 

2. He is the most superior workman in the mill. 

3. I would never give up the money if I were him. 

4. He will give the prize to whoever he sees fit. 

5. This man whom we found was the owner of the property 
showed us about the premises. 

6. I could not help from shaking him by the hand. 

7. There is very little chance for men like you and I in this 
business. 

8. The first park is the squarest of the two. 

9. Either one of the three men could have done the work. 

10. Who do you take me for? I'm not him. 

11. It is the most unique situation you can imagine. 

12. Who were you walking with yesterday? 

13. Was you at the meeting last night? 

14. This flower-bed is rounder than that. 

15. William has the most brains of the two. 

16. I could not find him because he had went to the city. 



ENGLISH 101 

COMPOSITION 

A story may be written in either one of two different 
ways. The first is to write it sentence by sentence. The 
first sentence when written on the paper suggests a second, 
and the second suggests a third, and so forth until the 
story is finished. 

Another and a better way is to write the story, not sen- 
tence after sentence, but topic after topic. In writing a 
story in this way the writer does not think of each indi- 
vidual sentence, but of several sentences combined to treat 
of one of the topics of which the story is made up. After 
the subject has been chosen, it is necessary to determine 
just what the topics are to be, before any writing is done. 

A story on " A Sea Voyage " might be divided into the 
following topics : Embarking ; Taking Leave of Friends ; 
Seasickness ; The People on the Ship ; A Storm ; An 
Iceberg ; Land Again. 

When the writer has divided his story into topics, let 
him group his sentences about each topic. 

Write a story in answer to any of the following ques- 
tions, making use of the latter method : — 

1. What is suggested to you by the word " volcano " ? 

2. What do you think of when you hear the words " The Fourth 
of July " ? 

3. What do you see in mind when you read the sentence, " The 
great building burned quickly to the ground " ? 

4. Why do you like baseball ? 

5. Why do you like the last book you read? 

6. How will you spend your summer vacation? 

For dictation : — 

" A moral, sensible, and well-bred man 
Will not affront me, and no other can." 

— William Cowper. 



102 ENGLISH 

DESCRIPTION 

A description is a representation in language. 
Observe how clearly Wordsworth, the writer of the 
following lines, must have seen what he describes ; - — 

" Earth has not anything to show more fair : 
Dull would he be of soul who could pass by 
A sight so touching in its majesty : 
This city now doth, like a garment, wear 
The beauty of the morning ; silent, bare. 
Ships, towers, domes, theaters, and temples lie 
Open unto the fields, and to the sky, 
All bright and glittering in the smokeless air. 
Never did sun more beautifully steep 
In his first splendor, valley, rock, or hill ; 
Ne'er saw I, never felt, a calm so deep ! 
The river glide th at his own sweet will : 
Dear God ! the very houses seem asleep ; 
And all that mighty heart is lying still." 

1. What things does Wordsworth mention ? 

2. Do you think of any sounds as you read this 
description ? 

3. How does the opening sentence prepare you for what 
follows ? 

4. What feeling does the poem excite in you ? 

5. Visit some hospital and describe fully what you may 
see there. 

6. Write a detailed description of your schoolroom. 
Write from the point of view of a pupil who is observing 
the room for the first time. 

7. Write a description of the show window of a large 
department store at which you have been looking. 

8. Describe the place in which you were born. 

9. Describe a favorite landscape. 



ENGLISH 103 

NARRATION 

A narrative tells a story. To be able to tell a story- 
well is a great accomplishment. To put all the details 
and particulars in their proper places, so that they will 
have the best effect and make the story most interesting, 
requires a great deal of skill. 

A narration should be divided up into paragraphs. 
Just as each paragraph must be a unit and deal with one 
topic, so must a narration be a unit and deal with one 
general theme. Everything in the narration should cen- 
ter about one very important fact. Of course other less 
important facts must be put in to introduce, describe, and 
explain the subject of the story. 

1. Tell how two girls go out into the forest. They 
have an old, but brave dog with them. They meet a 
panther. After a long struggle the dog is overcome, and 
the girls stand at the mercy of the wild animal. Sud- 
denly a shot is heard, and the panther falls dead. The 
rescuer appears. 

2. Write a story telling of a quarrel between two 
friends and of their reconciliation. 

3. Write a story suggested by a miser and his disap- 
pointment. 

4. Write the story of how such a man as Abraham 
Lincoln rose from poverty in the backwoods, to the 
presidency of the United States, through a constant 
struggle for self-improvement. Study, hard work, law, 
politics. 

5. Regarding some favorite book, — 

1. Tell its name. 

2. Tell what you know of its author. 

3. Briefly outline the story of the book. 



104 ENGLISH 

EXPOSITION 

By exposition, we give the meaning of a thing. We 
explain it so that its use, its value, its qualities, and its 
relations to other objects are made clear. To do this, 
our idea should be clearly defined.- 

If the idea to be explained is concrete, such as lion, first 
mention the class of things to which it belongs ; describe 
its qualities and characteristics, and tell how they differ 
from those of other objects of the same class ; finally dis- 
cuss its use and value to man and its general position in 
the world. 

If the idea to be explained is an abstract one, such as 
honor, take some concrete example of it. Select some 
honorable man whom you know, and explain what you see 
in him that is honorable. In this way you will be able to 
show the meaning of the abstract term. 

Give expositions of the following things. Be careful to 
express your ideas so clearly that any one could understand 
your meaning. 

The blooming of a rose bush ; a piracy ; a political boss ; avarice ; 
the work of a mechanic ; a duck ; the theater ; oratory ; public educa- 
tion ; banking; a newspaper; gymnastics; baseball; sewing; scorn; 
shrewdness; ambition; art; statesmanship. 

Explain : — 

1. Education equips the individual for the immediate duties and 
responsibilities of life. 

2. America is a new country. 

3. To be prepared for war is one of the most effectual means of 
preserving peace. 

4. The more haste the less speed. 

5. The battle is not always to the strong. 

6. Evil to him who evil thinks. 

7. Wax to receive and marble to retain. 



ENGLISH 105 

ARGUMENTATION 

By argumentation, we prove the truthof a proposition by- 
setting forth the facts, causes, reasons, and principles in- 
volved. The subject is usually expressed in the form of a 
sentence. Every word of this proposition must be clearly 
defined before the truth or the untruth of it can be shown. 

The main points upon which the proposition depends 
should be thought out and discussed. We should be 
careful not only to prove those points which are in our 
favor, but also to disprove those which are against us. 

What points should be discussed in proving the truth 
or the untruth of the following propositions ? Write 
headings for this discussion. 

1. Washington was a greater man than Lincoln. 

2. To read the newspapers is a waste of time. 

3. A man should always vote with his party. 

4. Winter is more enjoyable than summer. 

5. German should not be taught in the public schools. 

6. Writers are more useful than artists. 

7. All people should be compelled by law to keep the Sabbath. 

8. The Chinese should not be allowed to enter this country. 

9. Americans are becoming aristocratic. 

10. The use of electricity will drive out that of steam. 

Having written the headings for the above propositions, 
write out the discussion based upon them which will prove 
them either true or untrue. 
For dictation : — 

" So when a good man dies, 
For years beyond our ken 
The light he leaves behind him lies 
Upon the paths of men." — H. W. Longfellow. 
" The foot is arched longitudinally and transversely, so as to give it 
elasticity, and thus break the sudden shock when the weight of the 
body is thrown upon it." — O. W. Holmes. 



106 ENGLISH 

LETTER WRITING 

There are business, social, and personal letters. Each 
of these three kinds of letters should be written in a 
special form. The differences between these forms may 
be seen in the following illustrations : — 

A BUSINESS LETTER 

125 Main Street, Chelsea, Mass., 

June 26, 1904. 
Miss Alice Williams, 

Trenton, N. J. 
Dear Madam : 

Your order is received. We shall ship the articles you desire as 
soon as possible. 

Very respectfully yours, 

Johnson & Johnson. 

A NOTE OF INVITATION 

Mr. Henry Mitchell requests the pleasure of Mr. Frank Weaver's 
company at dinner on Friday, June twenty-seventh, at six o'clock. 

A PERSONAL LETTER 

205 Broad Street, 

Nem^ark, N. J. 
My dear Tom : 

I am very sorry that I was unable to keep my engagement with 
you last night, but hope to have better luck next time. Let me 
know when you are coming to town again. 

Yours very truly, 

John Long. 
Mb. Thomas K. Warwick, 
224 East 3rd St., 
Chicago, 111. 
May 1, 1904. 



ENGLISH 107 



LETTER WRITING 

Write the following letters, notes, and telegrams : — 

1. A letter to a bookseller, ordering several books. 

2. A note to a newspaper, ordering your address changed from 
one place to another. 

3. A formal invitation to dinner. 

4. A formal note of regret in answer to an invitation to dinner. 

5. A letter of introduction. 

6. A letter inviting a friend to spend a week at your home, 

7. A letter of apology to a friend, explaining your inability to 
keep an engagement that you have made with him. 

8. A letter asking for the payment of a debt. 

9. A letter ordering some furniture. 

10. A letter to a periodical, asking that it be sent to your address 
for a year. 

11. A letter to the mayor or some other public officer of your city, 
complaining of some public nuisance. 

12. A letter to the president of an electric railway, asking for 
damages for personal injury. 

13. A letter to the postmaster, asking him to forward your mail to 
a new address. 

14. A letter to your teacher, asking for a recommendation. 

15. An informal note, asking a friend to take tea with you. 

16. A telegram of ten words, telling of your arrival in a distant 
city. 

17. A letter to a paper containing an advertisement for a lost 
watch. Offer a reward. 

18. A letter from home to an absent brother. 

For dictation : — 

*' It has been estimated that the quantity of heat discharged over the 
Atlantic from the waters of the Gulf Stream, on a winter's day, would 
be sufficient to raise the column of the atmosphere that rests upon 
France and the British Isles from the freezing point to summer heat." 
— M. F. Maury. 

" A tart temper never mellows with age ; and a sharp tongue is the 
only edged tool that grows keener with constant use." — W. Irving. 



108 ENGLISH 

COMPOSITION OUTLINES 

I. Chestnuts : what they are ; their appearance ; 
where found ; squirrels and chestnuts ; boys and chest- 
nuts ; a day spent in hunting chestnuts. 

II. Describe a picture that you have at home. Tell 
whether it is an oil painting, a water color, a photograph 
or other reproduction ; give its name ; describe the objects 
in the picture ; and, finally, tell what it means to you. 

III. Write a description of some house that you know. 
First describe the house as seen from without, together 
with its surroundings. Then write of the house from 
within, mentioning the rooms with their furnishings and 
the inmates. 

IV. Rain in summer. 

a. Tell how the country looks before the rain. 
h. Indications of the coming shower. 

c. The shower itself. 

d. Tell how the country looks after the rain. 

V. A little boy follows a hand organ. He gets lost 
and cannot find his way home. Finally, he meets a police- 
man who carries him over his beat, and returns him to his 
home where his father and mother are anxiously waiting 
for him. 

VI. Write a description of the schoolhouse that you 
know best. Tell where it is situated, and describe its 
appearance. Tell what you know of the school itself, its 
rooms, its teachers, and the character of the pupils. Add 
any interesting facts that occur to you as you write. 

VII. Write a letter to your teacher, telling her that you 
are suddenly compelled to leave school without completing 
your course. Ask for a letter of recommendation to help 
you in finding employment. 



ENGLISH 109 

COMPOSITION OUTLINES 

I. A Savings Bank. What is a savings bank ? How is 
an account opened ? How is money deposited ? How is 
interest drawn ? Is it a good practice to deposit money 
in a savings bank ? 

II. The People in our Street. 

First paragraph, — describe the street. 

Second paragraph, — the personal appearance of some 
dweller in the street. 

Third paragraph, — the character of another. 

Fourth paragraph, — a familiar occasion in the street, — 
such as children gathering and dancing to the music of 
a hand organ. 

Fifth paragraph, — describe a conversation between 
neighbors. 

Sixth paragraph, — the mode of life in the street as a 
whole. 

III. How to Build a Fire. 

a. The Preparation of the Place. 
h. The Collection of the Materials. 

c. The Arrangements of the Materials. 

d. Keeping the Fire. 

IV. An Order to a Carpenter. Write a letter to a 
carpenter, giving details for the construction of a small 
bookcase, — the materials to be used, the size of the case, 
the ornamentation and finishing of it. 

V. A Description. Describe a stranger you met on 
the street to-day. It is easier to describe a person if you 
and the person are moving toward each other. Remember 
that you begin the description at a distance. Details 
should be mentioned only as they actually come into 
view. 



110 



ENGLISH 



WORDS OFTEN MISPRONOUNCED 

The following list contains words that are often mis- 
pronounced. They should be practiced constantly until 
they can be pronounced correctly and easily. 

Sometimes a word allows the choice of two correct pro- 
nunciations. See any of the good dictionaries. 



abdomen 


actor 


apparatus 


agriculture 


adult 


address 


bicycle 


alias 


again 


advertisement 


bronchitis 


avenue 


^Egean 


aeronaut 


cement 


botany 


ally 


Afghanistan 


choir 


bouquet 


Arab 


amenable 


deaf 


chicken 


attacked 


aspirant 


exaggeration 


Cincinnati 


bellows 


Beethoven 


exhausted 


column 


biography- 


bronchitis 


extraordinary 


constable 


canine 


Cervera 


finances 


conscientious 


cemetery- 


clematis 


isolated 


courteous 


decorous 


decade 


massacre 


daughter 


diphtheria 


dynasty 


patronizing 


despicable 


drama 


genuine 


photographer 


gallows 


education 


glycerine 


placard 


geography 


fiat 


government 


porpoise 


hospitable 


glacier 


heinous 


quinine 


introduce 


hearth 


herbs 


reservoir 


ivory 


impetus 


inquiry 


simultaneous 


new 


Indian 


Latin 


strategy 


pathos 


legend 


lever 


swathed 


patriot 


literature 


maintenance 


symptoms 


progress 


Martinique 


opponent 


telegrapher 


psalm 


municipal 


patron 


Thames 


salmon 


ordeal 


preface 


tiny 


salve 


Paderewski 


revolt 


toward 


treatise 


precedence 


Russia 


unique 


turnip 


probity 


squalor 


Wagner 


whether 


sacrifice 


subtle 


zoology 


wound 



ENGLISH 



111 



WORDS OFTEN MISSPELLED 

The following list contains words that are often 
misspelled. Practice writing each word from dictation. 
Afterward, write each misspelled word twenty times. 
The misspelled words should be practiced frequently until 
their correct forms can be written without question. 



accompany 


anniversary 


. abscess 


consistent 


appearance 


arithmetic 


accommodate 


exceed 


bargained 


associated 


achieve 


independence 


belief 


believe 


acquiesce 


intricate 


buried 


business 


alien 


leopard 


carriage 


campaign 


already 


maneuver 


cemetery 


catarrh 


arctic 


mountainous 


committee 


commander 


artillery 


noticeable 


confidence 


deceive 


buoyant 


organization 


describe 


despair 


chief 


parliament 


develop 


disappointed 


chimney 


penitentiary 


difficulty 


economy 


conceit 


perseverance 


disappeared 


employee 


decadence 


phenomenon 


disease 


enemy 


destroyer 


plaintiff 


existence 


exaggerate 


eligible 


pneumonia 


fatiguing 


fascination 


emigrant 


possess 


grammar 


further 


enthusiasm 


precede 


hemorrhage 


handkerchief 


extravagance 


professor 


honesty 


inaugurate 


February 


relief 


legible 


lightning 


honorary 


reprieve 


necessary 


niece 


isthmus 


resurrection 


occurrence 


opportunity 


laboratory 


rhyme 


parallel 


persuade 


manufacturer 


salary 


privilege 


pursued 


perspiration 


scythe 


received 


recommend 


religious 


shriek 


referred 


secretary 


separate 


souvenir 


seize 


siege 


synonym 


stratagem 


superintendent 


tenants ' 


twelfth 


sympathize 


systematic 


thief 


tyranny 


vocabulary 


theater 


vengeance 


villain 


welcome 



112 ENGLISH 

PUBLIC SPEAKING 

To address one's fellow-men at public meetings, and to 
win conviction for one's own views, is often very desirable. 
Gatherings of stockholders at corporation meetings, of the 
members of churches, lodges, and clubs, and of voters 
during political campaigns are very common in American 
life. At such gatherings the men who can speak well are 
able to impress others most favorably. Good speaking in- 
volves three essential qualities in the speaker : the ability 
to reason logically, the art of speaking with a clear and 
distinct voice, and the habit of using correct English 
fluently. 

The abihty to think clearly and to reason logically can be culti- 
vated by reading and studying good orations and essays, and by 
writing out for one's own use arguments upon one side or another of 
important questions. Logical reasoning is natural to the mind of the 
man who thinks a great deal before he talks at all. 

The art of speaking clearly and distinctly is not easily attained 
without a teacher. A voice that is pleasant and distinct enough 
in ordinary conversation is often not strong enough for addressing 
considerable numbers of men. However, one who really means 
to become a public speaker can, by reading aloud, do much to ac- 
quire a good voice. One important principle in elocution is to 
pronounce the consonants in all words very distinctly. Another 
is to avoid a monotonous delivery and to speak with interest and 
spirit. 

The habit of using correct English involves knowing what good 
English is and then carefully avoiding all forms of bad English. 
One needs especially to study the best books in English literature; 
for example, the English Bible, Shakespeare, Tennyson, Carlyle, 
Ruskin, Thackeray, Irving, Hawthorne. To use good English flu- 
ently involves for most people thorough knowledge of the subject to 
be discussed, practice in talking before others, and confidence in the 
correctness of one's own views in addition to familiarity with good 
English grammar and rhetoric. 



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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



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